مطالب

Purpose: A teaching organization is one whose members are all teaching and learning. This study investigated the model of teaching organization for Farhangian University. Materials and Method: To this end, 35 experts and clear sighted individuals working in this university and are aware of this university function were interviewed and data were elicited. The method was the systematic plan of data-based theory. Measuring validity of data using interviewees and experts' comments and estimating reliability through experimental interviews were done. Findings: The results during 3 steps of open, axial and selective coding indicated 54 components, which were in a paradigm model including: hardware infrastructures (educational equipment, physical space and new technologies); software infrastructures (proper curriculum programming, organizational and media relations, organizational atmosphere, organizational value internalization, ideas and organizational subjective patterns, financial resources management, paving the way for mutual learning, members cooperation in mutual learning, organizational culture of teaching and scientific-social networks); thought ware infrastructures (human capitals, inter-members mutual trust, management subjective pattern, edge, members empowering, members attitude and mentality, members energy and motivation and teachable points of view); social factors, informational and technical factors, political factors, value factors, economic factors, environmental-biological factors, and team learning, common perspective, systemic thought, personal dominance, subjective models, producing knowledge and conveying knowledge. Discussion: They are reflected the model of a teaching organization for Farhangian University.

Purpose: Penal procedure is a long process starts from crime discovery and ends to penal verdict execution. The result of such process can be observed in final step of penal procedure, that is, penal verdict execution. Convictions mentioned in penal verdict in Iranian legal system are too diverse so they can be initially divided into financial and nonfinancial convictions. Methodology: The present research is applied in terms of purpose and content analysis method. In the organization of research, the documentary and library methods have been used and the information analysis has been obtained qualitatively and based on the inference of the researcher on the sources and texts. Findings: The execution of penal financial convictions including cash fine, property restitution, crime – related loss, blood money, expropriation and destroying the assets are encountering with a series of radical challenges. Iranian Penal Procedure Law (2013, amended in 2015) and law on How to Execute Financial Convictions (2015) have resolved some relevant problems while some issues such as abusing the payment of financial convictions in instalments, the possibility of abusing in proving insolvency by the attestation of two witness, transferring the burden of proving losing party’s affordability to winning party are still remained. Conclusion: In this vein, some conflicts between legal provisions, transferring procedure previous problems to penal verdicts execution, lack of an independent and strong structure and machinery to execute penal verdicts are, inter alia, the most important challenges for executing penal financial convictions in Iran.

Purpose: According to statistic research, more than ninety percent of payment of debt and transferring banking resources was done with check. So, providing its executive security is undeniable necessity. For this reason, legislators enacted draft that whose title is draft of revision check cod. Methodology: The present research is applied in terms of purpose and content analysis method. In the organization of research, the documentary and library methods have been used and the information analysis has been obtained qualitatively and based on the inference of the researcher on the sources and texts. Findings: Accordingly, writers with legal and economic approach and with research of its efficiency and improving its defects goal want to answer to two question. The first question is what point was ignored in past cods until legislators decide to amend it? And second question is, is draft come back efficiency to legal system by improving last defects? Conclusion: In answer should tell: the important of previous rules is neglecting of remedy’s capacity. why so, legislators help to promise after breach of contract in previous rules while in this draft they focus to preventive remedy and try to increase efficiency of check by revealing of information. this subject based on credit feature of obligating and prohibition deal with hight risk and delete removing failure market.