مطالب

Introduction and Objective: A growing body of research has highlighted that the capability for organizational learning is the singular competitive advantage that enables organizations to thrive in today’s turbulent environment. The primary objective of this study is to design a conceptual model for leading learning organizations within higher education institutions in Fars Province. Research Methodology: This research is developmental in nature, employing a qualitative design through thematic analysis and semi-structured interviews. Participants were selected using purposeful sampling and the concept of theoretical saturation, resulting in a sample of 25 faculty members and specialists in higher education. To obtain the credibility and validity of the data, two methods were used: participant review and expert review by non-participants in the research. Reliability was determined using the Holistic coefficient, which was found to be 0.87. To achieve transferability, interviews and consultations were conducted with 25 specialists, and to ensure dependability, all details of the research were meticulously recorded at every stage. Findings: The research findings indicate that the conceptual framework for learning organization leadership in higher education institutions in Fars Province encompasses four main dimensions: structural perspective, which includes flexibility, simplification, decentralization, and technology focus; contextual perspective, featuring policy-making, network expansion, strategic thinking, and culture focus; transformational perspective, characterized by leader mentorship, customer orientation, team trust, Magnificent Leader, and leader pragmatism; and knowledge-centered perspective, which supports knowledge production, knowledge sharing, and a belief in science. Research and Conclusion: Identifying the key components influencing leadership in learning organizations within higher education institutions is essential. By prioritizing these elements in the strategic planning of higher education management, it can pave the way for a broader adoption of this leadership style nationwide.

Compilation and approval of the transformation and excellence document of Islamic Azad University and emphasizing the transformational turn from cultural and educational inefficiency to an educational, cultural and identity community in the document and emphasizing the role of influencers in this transformation, adopting a strategic and management model in line with creating a platform for education and has put social education in front of Islamic Azad University. In this regard, this article, which has been written by using a qualitative approach based on documentary studies and extracting statistical data from monitoring and buffer systems, aims to answer the question that the application of culture gardening model in Azad University How has Islamic been able to increase the role of influencers and reduce tenure in this university and in the process of social education? The results and findings of the present applied research, which is based on the evaluation and comparison of the influence status of student institutions (centers, Islamic organizations of academics and publications) in The cultural achievements of the academic years 2021-2022 and 2023-2024 have been obtained, indicating the increasing role of the influence pole of student institutions in units of the Islamic Azad University and the reduction of tenure in this university, as this will provide the basis and necessary arrangements for the realization of the ministry stage in the process of social education and training. The entry of students into the field of participation and responsibility and special attention to their agency in cultural programs has been provided

Today, electric energy is a strategic energy carrier in infrastructure, essential for sustainable growth and development in various dimensions of societies. Simultaneously, the scarcity of primary resources and the increasing demand for energy, while considering the rights of future generations, emphasizing the importance of enhancing performance excellence and promoting a spirit of responsibility. This research introduces a developed value-based performance excellence model with a sustainable electricity supply chain approach. In this model, theme analysis is utilized to extract indicators that represent effective components within the organization, categorized as organizational capabilities. Confirmatory factor analysis is employed to assess the validity and reliability of criteria and sub-criteria. To demonstrate the model's efficiency and explore the relationship between organizational capability criteria, organizational focus and the stability of the electricity supply chain, a comprehensive study was conducted in companies within the three sectors of electricity production, transmission and distribution in Iran. The findings underscore the significance of considering all three sectors' efficiency when examining the relationships between organizational capability, organizational focus and sustainable development.

The aim of this study was to design a model for identification and ranking of factors influencing the selection of suppliers of Iran's National Steel Industrial Group. In terms of the method, the current research is part of the descriptive research and based on its main purpose, it is an exploratory and confirmatory study, and in terms of the applied purpose. After filtering the criteria, based on the DEMATEL technique, the desired criteria affecting the evaluation and selection of suppliers will be determined and the relationship between them and the modeling of these relationships will be done. In the third step, the ANP method is used to weight the criteria. Finally, in the fourth stage, the questionnaire to determine structural modeling relationships is completed by the experts of the organization and using the data obtained from the questionnaires, the method of structural equations is used to confirm the exploratory model. The technique used in the current research was an in-depth interview-Delphi method, a statistical population of 10 knowledgeable experts on the subject of the research, and a non-probability chain sampling method. The results of the research showed that the factor of product authenticity and compliance with the standards and requested analysis of the product are in the first rank and the factors of authentic or exclusive representative of goods and after-sales services (guarantee and warranty) are in the second and third ranks, respectively.

Having a comprehensive view of digital marketing capabilities is essential for companies to survive in the revolutionized digital world. Specifically, in B2B commerce, is a game-changer, turning complex sales cycles into efficient that boost client engagement and drive rapid growth. Accordingly, the purpose of the present research is to design a model for developing digital marketing capabilities in B2B markets. Emphasizing B2B marketing, this research has adopted a qualitative approach. A model is developed through grounded - theory and in-depth semi-structured interviews with 12 experts of medical and industrial gases industry. The collected data has been analyzed with the three-step coding method and Nvivo10 software. The data has categorized into 6 main categories including; casual conditions (dominance of the Internet, development of international relations in B2B markets and digital marketing features), intervening conditions (manager's attitude and cooperation of different units of organization), contextual conditions (changing the way B2B customers choose suppliers and predominance of classic approach in B2Bmarkets), methods (e-mail marketing, website, etc.), consequences(customer retention and loyalty and increasing the growth rate of the organization) and main phenomenon (development of digital marketing capability in B2B market). This model provides a comprehensive mental framework for the managers of this field regarding the capabilities of digital marketing.

This study aimed to investigate the foreign language learning needs of undergraduate engineering students enrolled in the faculties of architecture and electrical in Iran. A total of 133 undergraduate students aged between 20-25 years, along with 30 subject-specific instructors from Azad and State universities of Yazd, Iran, participated in the study. The study was conducted using a qualitative-quantitative survey design, which involved questionnaires and interviews. Qualitative data was collected through interviews with 20 subject-specific instructors and ten undergraduate students in their eighth semesters. The analysis of qualitative and statistical data revealed that most students needed to master the English language before they attended their specialized courses. Over one-third of the students expressed dissatisfaction with the teaching methodology, evaluation methods, amount of foreign culture taught in class, and content of the textbook. The subject-specific instructors also expressed dissatisfaction with their students’ language skills. It can be concluded that in Iran, the English for Specific Purpose (ESP) course does not fully prepare the students to embark on their studies, as it does not sufficiently take into account their learning needs, present level of foreign language proficiency, objectives of the course, resources available in terms of staff, materials, equipment, finances, and time constraint, as well as the skill of the teachers and the teacher’s knowledge of the specific area.

Folklore is an important indicator in determining the culture of each nation so that we can without doubt say that the most lasting and purest literary and artistic creations of mankind have been inspired by the folklore and literature of the masses. Lullabies are also part of the oral folk literature of the society which originated from the minds of the masses; hence, indirectly transferring different concepts to the minds of the listeners. Therefore, based on a descriptive-analytic approach in this article, we decided to answer questions like what issues do the written Persian lullabies cover in relation to the religious culture? And else what role do these Persian lullabies play in transferring it to children? The results of this study show that among mothers’ lullabies, religious culture has been expressed in different ways, such as "religious beliefs, moral beliefs, and public opinions", while the hypnotic melodies can play an important role in the religious identity of children. Therefore, mothers’ shares should not be underestimated in creation and development of such feelings and beliefs.

Le Corbusier's Domino system, introduced in the early 20th century, marked a turning point in modern architecture by proposing a modular framework based on slender columns and reinforced concrete slabs. This structural innovation facilitated standardization, industrialization, and rapid construction, influencing landmark projects such as Villa Savoye and the Pessac housing complex, as well as later mass housing developments. Despite these advantages, limited research has critically examined the relevance of the Domino system in light of contemporary architectural and environmental standards. This study aims to evaluate the strengths and limitations of the Domino system within its historical context while exploring its potential adaptability to present-day needs. The research employs a descriptive approach to explain the system's conceptual features, an analytical approach to assess selected case studies, and a comparative approach to measure its performance against current architectural criteria. Data sources include scholarly literature, visual and graphical documentation, and environmental records, enabling both historical and technical analysis. Findings reveal that the Domino system significantly contributed to the rationalization of building processes and provided a foundation for prefabrication and modular construction. However, its emphasis on structural regularity often resulted in spatial monotony and insufficient responsiveness to cultural, climatic, and ecological factors. The study highlights the importance of integrating adaptive strategies, sustainable materials, and advanced technologies. Contemporary tools such as Building Information Modeling (BIM), parametric design, and modular prefabrication can reinterpret the Domino framework, ensuring flexibility, contextual sensitivity, and ecological performance. By bridging historical innovation with modern requirements, the Domino system demonstrates enduring relevance when reimagined through contemporary architectural practices.

Safavid Isfahan (1501–1736) has long been celebrated for its monumental mosques, palaces, and gardens, yet scholarship has often privileged domes, façades, and ornament while neglecting the interstitial spaces that mediate between them. This study addresses that gap by examining the formative role of thresholds, corridors, galleries, gardens, and terraces in structuring experience and constructing architectural identity. A qualitative methodology was adopted, combining a systematic literature review, semi-structured interviews with eight leading scholars of Iranian and Islamic architecture, and detailed case analyses of the Imam Mosque, ʿAlī Qāpū Palace, and the Chahār-Bāgh School. Thematic coding of expert testimonies, triangulated with architectural evidence, revealed six interdependent domains of interstitial design: geometric order, spatial hierarchy, environmental intelligence, socio-cultural practice, sensory–spiritual orchestration, and political–aesthetic representation. The findings demonstrate that in Safavid architecture, interstitial spaces were not residual connectors but polyvalent instruments that simultaneously organized movement, moderated climate, encoded hierarchy, and materialized cosmological and ideological meanings. These results reframe Safavid design as a grammar of thresholds in which form, function, and symbolism are fused. Beyond historical insight, the study underscores the continuing relevance of interstitial design as a model for integrating climate, community, and cosmology in contemporary architectural practice.

This study presents the analysis of nineteen glass samples from Jorjan (northeastern Iran), dating to the Early Islamic period, using Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) as a first approach. While LIBS allowed rapid screening of elemental patterns, its quantification is not yet fully mastered; therefore, complementary SEM–EDXS analyses were performed for comparative purposes and validation of the results. Both methods consistently show strong calcium (Ca) and potassium (K) with variable sodium (Na), indicating the dominance of plant-ash flux technology and aligning with the well-known transition from natron to plant ash in the 8th–9th centuries CE. Variability in Na (and minor Al) intensities points to multi-source raw materials and highlights Jorjan’s role in regional production and exchange along the Silk Road. We also provide an integrated spectral comparison, group the assemblage by Na and Ca peak strengths, and discuss the analytical and heritage-conservation advantages of LIBS—when supported by SEM–EDXS—for the study of archaeological glass.

The present study assessed test-taking strategies awareness, test anxiety, and test performance relationships among Iranian ESP students. The sample was comprised of 60 students majoring in Bachelor of Science Civil Engineering who were enrolled in an ESP course. All participants completed the Oxford Quick Placement Test (OQPT) as a requirement for ensuring homogeneity regarding language ability. Participants also completed Barati's (2005) test-taking strategies questionnaire and a standard test anxiety scale, and test performance was assessed by ESP course examinations. Pearson correlation analysis produced three general findings: First, there was significant positive correlation between test-taking strategies awareness and test performance, such that students with higher strategy awareness had better test scores. Second, test anxiety was significantly and negatively correlated with test performance. Third, an inverse correlation existed between test-taking strategies awareness and test anxiety, suggesting that students employing more strategies experienced less anxiety. These findings highlight the interdependent functioning of strategy awareness and anxiety control in performance. The results suggest that ESP instruction needs to integrate training in the use of test-taking strategies and anxiety reduction in order to assist students most effectively. The study contributes to our understanding of factors influencing language test performance in ESP settings.

This study was intended to explore the Iranian EFL learners’ stance towards Technology-Enhanced Personalized Language Learning (TEPLL) and how it influences language development. Specifically, this study investigated the relationships among learners’ stances towards TEPLL, relating to effectiveness, integration into daily life, autonomy, engagement, and satisfaction, with L2 speaking and writing motivation. It also examined how learners’ stances to the instruction of TEPLL were related to their progress in developing productive skills both in speaking and writing. In addition, instructional facets promoting and inhibiting learners’ progress were highlighted. With 120 EFL Iranian learners from five language institutes in Isfahan, Iran, the present project assigned participants to experimental and control groups with 60 persons each, according to the proficiency levels: pre-intermediate, intermediate, and advanced. Data were collected via a Learning Experience Questionnaire and semi-structured interviews. The experimental group received instruction in TEPLL through Speechling for speaking practice and through Moodle for writing practice. The results generally indicated a positive stance towards TEPLL; the learners reported high scores regarding perceived effectiveness, ease of integration, autonomy, engagement, and satisfaction. They also demonstrated more motivation concerning the development of L2 speaking and writing. On the other hand, it established the challenges of technical problems, inadequate content, and poor preparation. Interviews with students showed that TEPLL is an excellent tool for practicing speaking and pronunciation but also brought to the surface the demand for better audio-visual quality, more content volume, and individual support. The findings suggest that while potentially very effective in bettering the language learning of Iranian EFL learners, TEPLL has to be administered with caution, and its administration kept under constant review to reduce the potential challenges. Keywords: Self-determination Theory (SDT), Stance, Technology-Enhanced Personalized Language Learning (TEPLL)

Reflective practice is widely recognized as a cornerstone of teacher professional growth and effective classroom teaching. This study investigated its impact on Iranian EFL teachers’ development and their students’ learning outcomes, specifically focusing on engagement and academic achievement. A nine-month longitudinal mixed-methods study was conducted with 30 Iranian EFL teachers (aged 24–50) selected based on snow ball sampling technique and 300 students (mixed gender, aged 12–18, intermediate proficiency) taught by those teachers from Safir Language Academy in Tehran. Teachers engaged in structured reflective activities, including journaling, peer discussions, and guided reflection sessions. Data were collected through reflective journals, semi-structured interviews, and student performance assessments, and were analyzed using thematic analysis and paired samples t -tests. The findings revealed that reflective practice enhanced teachers’ self-awareness and adaptability in instructional strategies, while students of reflective teachers demonstrated higher engagement and improved academic achievement. Barriers such as time constraints and limited institutional support were also identified. Overall, the study highlights the transformative potential of reflective practice in advancing teacher professional development and promoting more effective EFL classrooms in the Iranian context.

Numerous experts have underscored the need of fairness in National Entrance Examination items. This study examines whether examinees' performance on items of the National University Entrance Exam for Foreign Languages (NUEEFL), known as “Konkour,” varies based on background, specifically gender, school type, and ethnicity, rather than language proficiency, as the detection of differential item functioning (DIF) may enhance the fairness of high-stakes tests. The research employed a quantitative non-experimental, cross-sectional design. The participants included 200 male and female students, who were chosen randomly from students studying at Islamic Azad University, Science and Research branch in Tehran, Iran. The instruments consisted of a mock NUEEFL test and a researcher-made questionnaire. Upon taking the participants’ consent, the researcher took the mock version of NUEEFL. Next, the participants were asked to answer the questionnaire about their demographic information, including their gender, school type, and ethnicity. A three-phase DIF analysis was conducted to explore examinees' performance across these demographic variables. The results indicated that school type exhibited the most significant DIF, particularly in grammar and cloze assessments, whereas gender DIF was mostly seen in grammar and language function. Moreover, ethnically differential item functioning was significant in vocabulary and cloze assessments. Furthermore, reading comprehension was mostly impartial, with the exception of school type. The results underscore the need for test developers to consider demographic factors to ensure fairness and validity in high-stakes testing contexts.