مطالب

Voting is one of the most significant ways for individuals to make a say in the government’s decision-making. A ballot is the bedrock to democracy which may be also argued as a formal expression of choice for a candidate or a proposed solution to an issue. The low turnout rate in the recent Malaysian by-election in Johor, Malacca and Sarawak as well as the 15th General Election (GE15) has led to the discussion on the rights to vote and not to vote. The primary issue to be addressed in this article is whether the right not to vote violates morality in the political context and whether or not such a right constitutes freedom of expression. Furthermore, the relationship between the state and the people will also be studied further in order to determine the responsibilities of the people. The primary objective of this article is to determine the relationship between low voter turnout rates from certain groups of communities and the validity of their decision to vote or not to vote in a legal and moral paradigm. The authors will collect data from primary and secondary sources such as books and journals related to the right to vote and not to vote in different political systems. The authors will also analyze data from books, journals, articles and more to make reasonable comparisons between the democratic system in Malaysia and in other countries that discuss the right not to vote. 

Introduction: The existence of intelligent decision-making in educational managers increases their recognition skills and they find the ability to identify the decision process, check possibilities, make correct judgments, and plan carefully. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of studying the mediating role of intellectual ethics in the relationship between digital leadership and smart decision-making among elementary school principals in Kermanshah province. Material and Methods: The research is a correlational research based on structural equation modeling of the correlation-covariance matrix. The statistical population includes all the elementary principals of Kermanshah province in the academic year 2021-2022 (N=1902). The sample size was estimated based on proportional stratified random sampling and Cochran's formula (n=320). The tools included intelligent leadership, intellectual ethics and smart decision-making questionnaires, whose content validity was confirmed by experts and professors, and their construct validity was confirmed by factor analysis. The reliability of the questionnaires was calculated through Cronbach's alpha as 0.85, 0.93 and 0.95 respectively. Pearson's correlation test and structural equation modeling were used for data analysis, and SPSS and LISREL software were used. Results: The relationship between digital leadership and intellectual ethics, digital leadership and intelligent decision-making, and the relationship between intellectual ethics and smart decision-making were significant. Finally, it was found that intellectual ethics can play a mediating role in the relationship between digital leadership and smart decision making. Conclusion: The results of this study show that educational managers can make smart decisions through the digital leadership style and, of course, considering intellectual ethics, and in this way, take steps in the direction of advancing educational goals and missions