درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Purpose: This research aimed to identify some of the existing financial frictions in the Iran's digital economy. In particular, based on cases taken from digital and knowledge-based companies, it empirically investigated the importance of the role of base volume in the liquidity of those companies' stocks in Tehran Stock Exchange.Method: To evaluate the empirical implications of applying the base volume in daily stock market practice, retrospectively a quantitative estimate of the base volume was implied by the economic model within the rules imposed by the market regulator via MATLAB software programming. Then, using the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM), the effects of the estimated base volume, percentage of free-floating share, securities turnover, and the ratio of transaction volume to base volume on Amihud index were econometrically studied for the selected companies during the period 2015-2020.Findings: The findings indicate that the applying base volume on the selected digital and knowledge-based companies has had a negative effect on the calculation of the final price and on the liquidity of studied knowledge-based companies. Also, the results of using the machine learning method (decision tree) showed a importance coefficient of 32.6% for the base volume on the Amihud index of the selected companies.Conclusion: Our results suggest that base volume as an idiosyncratic financial friction induced by Iranian stock market regulator has aggravated the illiquidity of studied digital and knowledge-based companies and thereby could have raised the financing costs for those companies. This would ultimately impede those companies’ growth prospect.

Comprehensive and reliable conceptual definition of concepts can be considered as the first step toward managing the phenomena based on those concepts. Spiritual tourism is a multidimensional phenomenon with different mixed concepts such as spiritual experience, spiritual tourist, achieving spirituality through tourism, deepening and institutionalizing spirituality perception (experience), training and learning spirituality (spiritual experiences), development planning, spiritual tourism economics, and spiritual tourism marketing. The mentioned concepts are formed in dialectical models that are influenced by disciplines such as geography, history, economics, management, religion, and mysticism. Regardless of the level and the type of combination of concepts, the definition of these concepts may be different in various paradigms due to the differences in assumptions, ontology, epistemology and methodology of different paradigms. Such a different even makes the spiritual tourism’s definition process more difficult. Spiritual tourism has already common definitions in literature that are not formally classified based on various paradigms’ assumptions; and have not been specified by the tourists under which paradigm that they are formed. Therefore, in this paper, the concept of spiritual tourism is reviewed from the perspective of different paradigms such as positivism, critical romanticism, post-modernism, critical realism, and pragmatism and new definitions are extracted. Based on the results of this article, the passage from abstract concepts to operational concepts in the field of spiritual tourism has been smoother. Besides, a more sustainable vision has been created about how to create and disseminate knowledge in the field of spiritual tourism. Hence, the main aim and contribution of this article is to extract the different conceptual definitions of spiritual tourism in different paradigms, in order to provide a reliable paradigm conceptual definition of tourism spiritual. The present paper concluded that a reliable and comprehensive definition of spiritual tourism can be provided in Pragmatism Paradigm framework.  This pragmatic definition can be used as a base for future planning, management, marketing, and other operational and administrative applications.