درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

In this study, the authors, using a descriptive-analytical method and library research, aim to answer the research question: "What is the position of election expense transparency in the electoral policies of the Islamic Republic of Iran?" According to the research findings, before the enactment of the law on transparency in funding election campaigns and activities in 2019, there was no codified mechanism for transparency in election expenses. Therefore, to achieve this transparency, it was necessary to continue entrusting the issue of general and po-litical qualifications, which the Guardian Council is very sensitive about, to this council. However, regarding the oversight of election expenses, those approved by the Guardian Coun-cil should be entrusted to an independent electoral commission, and financial oversight of the elections should be pursued through the formation of a commission or council for monitoring election expenses. After the approval of this law, the expenses incurred by interest groups within the framework of legal resources such as the candidate's personal assets, contributions from parties and political groups, donations from Iranian individuals, and public resources and facilities can be monitored and reviewed through legal channels.

In the context of efficient governance, all the pillars of any political system in the 21st century use their capacities to secure and guarantee national interests as facilitators and complements of the state, whereas in the past this was the sole responsibility of the states. The role of parliaments in this field, which is referred to as parliamentary diplomacy, falls within the aforementioned framework. In this regard, the of the Islamic Parliament of Iran, as an active parliament in the field of multilateral parliamentary diplomacy, has participated in the establishment of the Asian Parliamentary Assembly and the Parliamentary Union of the OIC Member States (PUIC). In addition, by constantly attending the meetings of the Inter-Parliamentary Union, it has emphasized its importance in international relations. Therefore, in the present article, using documents and library resources by reading texts in an exploratory method in response to the question of what achievements the Islamic Parliament of Iran has made in the framework of parliamentary diplomacy, This hypothesis is examined based on the rational choice institutionalism, Although the Islamic Parliament of Iran has turned to multilateral parliamentarism in recent years, efforts to strengthen it as a complementary and facilitating diplomacy through cooperation with the parliaments of neighboring countries are a constructive step.

The relationship between Iran and European countries dates back centuries, rooted in a long history of interaction shaped by mutual interests and shifting geopolitical contexts. Given this deep historical background and their unique strategic circumstances, both parties remain vital to one another. The evolving landscape of opportunities and threats in Tehran–Brussels relations has led both Iran and the European Union to consistently reassess their bilateral ties. In this context, Iran and the EU take into account Europe's economic, political, and security capabilities, alongside the broader trajectory of their longstanding relationship. A critical turning point in these relations has been the European Union's strategic shift from a normative approach—grounded in the promotion of values such as human rights and democracy—towards a more security-oriented posture. This transformation has significantly influenced the nature of Iran–EU engagement. This article addresses the central question: Why has the EU's strategy toward Iran shifted between 1993 and 2024? To answer this, the study adopts a comprehensive approach, drawing on the theoretical frameworks of Neorealism and Constructivism. It argues that while the European Union has historically positioned itself as a normative power—basing its external actions on shared European values—external pressures, including the 2008 financial crisis, migration flows, and the rise of right-wing populism, have increasingly pushed the EU toward prioritizing security concerns. The research employs a qualitative methodology to analyze this shift, offering insights into how structural and ideational factors have shaped the EU's evolving stance toward Iran.

Topic and Significance of the Discussion: The Islamic Republic of Iran boasts 190,000 square kilometers of maritime territory and over 5,800 kilometers of coastline, with approximately 40% of its borders being maritime. A crucial element in the realm of marine defense diplomacy is the enhancement of maritime defense capabilities, which includes extending the presence of naval fleets beyond territorial waters and into international waters. Consequently, the Supreme Leader has consistently emphasized the importance of leveraging maritime resources and strengthening naval forces. The central research question is: What are the regional and transregional security policies of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the maritime domain, and what achievements have been realized in pursuit of maritime-oriented development? Results: The regional and transregional security policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran can be demonstrated through the enhancement of its strategic naval force, which consists of both the Navy and the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps Navy, each playing a complementary role. This policy yields several key outcomes: it allows for the display of the Islamic Republic of Iran's flag in distant waters, ensures the security of Iranian commercial ships and oil tankers to promote sustainable international maritime security, and safeguards Iran's interests in strategically important waters. Additionally, it showcases the naval force's capability to operate wherever the nation's interests dictate. The policy also aims to send messages of peace and friendship globally while countering narratives of Iranophobia. It enhances combat capabilities, broadens the operational reach of naval units, and evaluates Iran's readiness and self-sufficiency in the realms of science and technology. The policy maintains a presence in targeted waters despite facing comprehensive economic and military sanctions and allows for the acquisition of valuable experiences in navigation and international maritime law by traversing critical, heavily trafficked international straits and waterways. Furthermore, it facilitates the collection of intelligence regarding the combat readiness and deployment status of transregional forces, broadens the scope of Iran's diplomatic efforts, and establishes security to promote trade in both regional and international contexts. This, in turn, fosters economic activity and supports maritime-oriented development.