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Achieving peace in contemporary societies has become a fundamental issue in political and ethical thought due to complexities in identity, cultural pluralism, and political challenges. This article focuses on how the concepts of the "Self" and the "Other" are defined, and examines the impact of ethical readings on the possibility of achieving peace. The main research question is: How can ethical readings of the "Self" and the "Other" contribute to achieving peace in contemporary societies? This article explores the dominant frameworks for confronting the "Other" through a comparative analysis of the ideas of Carl Schmitt (friend/enemy dichotomy), Liberalism (rational consensus), and Chantal Mouffe (agonistic pluralism). Then, in contrast to these approaches, it introduces the responsibility-centered ethics of Emmanuel Levinas as a fundamental alternative. The hypothesis is that although each of these approaches offers a way to manage differences, stable peace is only possible through understanding the "Other" as an ethical existence that has precedence over the "Self," and establishing a relationship based on empathy and asymmetrical responsibility, as explained by Levinas. Using a qualitative content analysis method, this research shows that the transition from a purely political logic to an ethical logic is a necessary condition for peaceful coexistence and can lead to the development of theories related to dialogue and justice in human relations.

The book " Baṣāʼir al-Darajāt " by Muḥammad ibn Ḥasan Ṣaffār , as one of the oldest surviving sources from the early period of the Lesser Occultation, can be explored with a Mahdism approach. In this source, 37 narrations, without repetition, address the issue of Mahdism. Since diverse Mahdavi topics are evident in these narrations, this research seeks, using the "Content Analysis" method, to first identify the main and sub-topics of the Mahdism narrations in Baṣāʼir al-Darajāt and then categorize and analyze the main categories. From examining the collection of narrations, 9 main topics were extracted in the form of 44 concepts; the conduct of Imam Mahdi (AS) in the era of reappearance, the Imam's inheritance, the purpose of the reappearance, the Imam's companions, and the blessings of the era of reappearance are among the most important topics in this collection of narrations. The central theme of the Baṣāʼir al-Darajāt narrations refers to the era of reappearance and beyond. This indicates the application of the element of selectivity by Muḥammad ibn Ḥasan Ṣaffār in compiling this work. The existence of some isolated narrations and their lack of transmission until the era of Allamah Majlisī indicates that these narrations were distant from the common discourse of Shia hadith scholars; although the essence of the themes can be traced in other hadith legacies.