درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the policy-making processes for online education at the primary level, focusing on the objectives, content, strategies, resources, and assessment practices. It aimed to identify the challenges and opportunities within these policies to enhance the effectiveness of online education. Methodology: This cross-sectional survey study involved 384 educators, administrators, and policymakers in the primary education sector. Data were collected via a researcher-made questionnaire to gather comprehensive insights into the participants' perceptions of online education policies. The questionnaire was validated through a pilot study, and data analysis was conducted using SPSS and SMART-PLS for quantitative responses and thematic analysis for qualitative responses. Confirmatory factor analysis and Cronbach's alpha coefficients were utilized to assess the reliability and validity of the constructs within the questionnaire. Findings: The findings revealed a general consensus on the importance of clearly defined objectives, engaging content, and effective strategies for the successful implementation of online education policies. Challenges identified include the need for better technology infrastructure, financial resources, and professional development for educators. The analysis also highlighted the significance of affective and psychomotor domains in online education, which are often overlooked in policy making. Participants expressed a desire for more innovative and interactive online learning environments to enhance student engagement and learning outcomes. Conclusion: The study concludes that while there are significant opportunities to enhance the quality and effectiveness of online education through policy improvements, there are also considerable challenges that need to be addressed. These include the integration of affective and psychomotor learning goals, the development of comprehensive support systems for educators, and the improvement of technology and financial infrastructures. Policymakers and educators must work collaboratively to refine online education policies, ensuring they are inclusive, effective, and capable of meeting the diverse needs of primary education students.

Purpose: Flexible working hours can impact employee productivity. Therefore, the current research aimed to present a model for flexible working hours in public organizations, emphasizing increasing the productivity level of knowledge workers. Methodology: The present study was applied in objective and mixed-method (qualitative and quantitative) in execution. The qualitative study population included all academic and organizational experts familiar with the research domain, with a sample size of 25 determined based on theoretical saturation principle and selected through purposive sampling. The quantitative study population comprised all staff members of the Ministry of Cooperatives, Labor, and Social Welfare, with a sample size of 205 determined by Cochran's formula and selected through simple random sampling. Data for qualitative and quantitative sections were collected respectively using interviews and researcher-made questionnaires and analyzed with thematic analysis and exploratory factor analysis methods in Maxqda and Smart-PLS software, respectively. Findings: Qualitative findings revealed that flexible working hours encompassed 15 sub-themes in 3 main themes: floating work hours, floating work location, and collaborative work; and employee productivity comprised 20 sub-themes in 3 main themes: self-management, self-control, and self-organization. Quantitative findings indicated that all themes of flexible working hours and employee productivity had a factor loading and extracted variance mean higher than 0.50 and Cronbach's alpha and composite reliability higher than 0.80. Other findings showed that the themes of floating work hours, floating work location, and collaborative work had a direct and significant effect on flexible working hours, and the themes of self-management, self-control, and self-organization had a direct and significant effect on employee productivity, and flexible working hours had a direct and significant effect on employee productivity (P<0.05). Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that flexible working hours play an effective role in enhancing the level of employee productivity. Therefore, to improve employee productivity, the themes of floating work hours, floating work location, and collaborative work can be utilized.

Background: Over the past few decades, the rapid expansion of cross-border e-commerce has reshaped global trade, acting as a key driver of economic transformation. As a crucial aspect of globalization, e-commerce has facilitated the integration of businesses into international markets, reducing geographical barriers and transaction costs while fostering economic development.Aims: The present study aims to examine e-commerce and its role in economic transformation from a business management perspective.Methodology: The research employs a descriptive survey method, with a statistical population comprising all students and graduates in the fields of e-commerce and business management in Bandar Abbas. Using a convenience sampling method, a total of 203 individuals were selected as the study sample. A researcher-developed questionnaire with a reliability coefficient exceeding 0.8 was distributed among the participants. Data analysis was conducted using descriptive and inferential statistical methods, specifically the T-test, through SPSS version 22.Findings: The findings revealed that the T-test statistic for the role of e-commerce in accelerating economic transactions was 73.7, its impact on inflation in the global economy was 54.9, and its contribution to facilitating transactions was 65.5, all statistically significant at a 95% confidence level (P<0.05).Conclusions: E-commerce plays a significant role in enhancing the speed of economic transactions, influencing inflation in the global economy, and facilitating trade from a business management perspective.