درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Il ne serait pas abusif de dire que toute la poésie de Char est le lieu d’un grand conflit entre ouverture et clôture. En effet il y a toujours chez Char un grand désir de partir et de changement perpétuel et une grande tendance à revenir sur le lieu inaugural, pour ne pas y demeurer, mais pour en profiter comme un point d’appui qui prépare mieux une réserve d’énergie pour le sujet qui cherche à s’ouvrir sur les possibilités différentes de l’être. Le sujet charien ne cède jamais aux capiteuses séductions de la tendresse de la clôture protectrice, par contre il se rend constamment disponible pour un renouvellement perpétuel. En d’autres termes il préfère le risque de partir à la léthargie de demeurer. Cet article a pour objectif principal de répondre à cette question que dans la poésie de Char quelles images poétiques métaphorisent ces deux tendances contradictoires, à savoir, le désir de partir, et l’attraction des origines protectrices qui amoindrit en nous le désir de renaitre de temps à l’autre.

This paper aims to study the process of identity shaping of a teenager in a family from the perspective of Subjectivity theories. The process of identity formation has been one of the main concerns for various critical approaches in human sciences in general, and the psychoanalytical and Marxist approaches in particular. The case study of the present research is the character of Alyosha from Andrey Zvyagintsev’s film, Loveless (2017). Since there is no particular theory for the contentual analysis of Film, critics in the analysis of the films’ content, take advantage of various literary, sociological and psychoanalysis theories. Therefore, the Conceptual Framework of the present study concentrates on the critical approaches of Structural psychoanalysis and Structural Marxism; particularly definitions of the Unconscious, Repressed Desire, the Name of the Father by Lacan, the Ideology, ISAs, RSAs by Althusser, and the Žižekian concept of Lack of Language. This investigation in the process of identity formation can play a significant role in demonstrating the covert motives of the character’s suicidal act. It will illustrate the way Alyosha as a subject inherits his parents’ repressed desires and lack of language caused by ideology. The application of considering concepts indicates the central role and inevitable impact of the familial discourse at the emergence of subjectivity within the family.

The present study attempts to demonstrate how different texts with various author attitudes depict the oppressed subjects of Stalin’s time.  For this purpose, Roland Barthes’ notion of ‘Modes of Writing’ and Michel Foucault’s concept of ‘author’ are employed in reading Alexander Solzhenitsyn’s One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich (1963) and Julian Barnes’ The Noise of Time (2016). The two novels mainly address the politically subjected characters in the Stalinist regime with different standpoints of author figure. Originating the authors’ modes of writing in the mentioned texts, on one hand, and the analysis of author-function, on the other, shall satisfy the comparative tendencies in this research and show how these theoretical frameworks can help a critical understanding of the texts. The subjects described in these novels, although similar in their situations and characteristics and subjected to the same institution of power, are narrated from different author roles and provide a somewhat similar subjectivity. The author figure as a subject of ideology and the text as a created object of an author can be thoroughly analyzed within the proposed theoretical framework; therefore, the main objective of this paper is to explore the depicted subjectivities of similar subjects from different standpoints of distinguishable author figures.

La migration est incontestablement, depuis longtemps, une réalité complexe variant selon l'époque et relève toujours d’une actualité brûlante. Présente, de longue date, dans les études sociales, elle a aussi trouvé une place privilégiée dans les études littéraires. Le thème de la migration apparaît sous différentes formes dans la littérature (l’écriture de l’exil, la diaspora, les situations postcoloniales, etc.). Mais parmi toutes ces formes, la plus importante est celle qui se concentre sur la question de dualité de l’identité. La présente étude essaiera d'apporter des précisions sur cette problématique, tout en approfondissant le problème de la migration. Sarzamin-e Noutch de Keyvân Arzâghi constituant le contexte de cette étude, nous permet d’étudier le phénomène de la migration dans une optique extrême-contemporaine. Une méthode incontournable pour l’analyse de ce phénomène est la sociologie qui dévoile ses réalités cachées. Cette étude sera ainsi basée sur la théorie de l’ambivalence carnavalesque de Mikhaïl Bakhtine, qui est selon Pierre. V. Zima à l’origine de la sociologie du texte romanesque, et sur les idées d’Abdelmalek Sayad, sociologue de l’immigration. Et elle étudiera aussi l’effet psychologique de ce phénomène grâce aux stratégies identitaires proposées par Carmel Camilleri.

Languages are widening every day and new words and structures are born when they are needed. The objective of this study is to survey the strategies that are used in the translation of neologisms in Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince and to see if there is a significant difference between the strategies used by Persian translators in the novel Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince and to find the most and the least strategies adopted by the Persian translators. To address the objectives of the present study, the researcher selected two Persian translations of the novel. To identify the neologisms used in the texts, the source text along with its translations was cross-analyzed sentence-by-sentence. Afterwards, on the basis of Newmark's definitions and classifications of neologisms, the neologisms were identified. The strategies which were used in the translation of various types of neologisms were also investigated. Data analysis involved quantitative analysis. It was concluded that the most frequent strategy used by translator Vida Eslamieh was through-translation and the least frequent strategy was modulation. In Shahnaz Majidi's translation, the most frequent strategy was through-translation. The least frequent strategies were modulation and descriptive terms. According to the results of the chi-square test, there was no significant difference among the strategies used by two Persian translators in translation of neologisms. The results of this study can be useful for translators and students to become aware of the strategies used in English to Persian translations of the neologisms.