درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

The purpose of this research is to clarify the importance of economic equilibrium of tourism contracts and prove the importance and relevance of public order to economic equilibrium. The school of law and economics is one of the most important schools of law among applied law system. The primary purpose of the economic equilibrium of tourism contracts is to provide and guarantee the interests of parties efficiently and this function should lead to socio-economic efficiently for the whole society. For this purpose, a superior power must be able to guarantee the economic equilibrium of the tourism contracts and establish a strong executive guarantee to avoid disrupting contracts. In other words, protecting the economic equilibrium of tourism contracts is the task of an institution called public order and lawyers and economists believe that the task of enforcing public order is one of the duties of the state.The results of this study show that maintaining the economic equilibrium of a ground in order to achieve exchangeable justice in its true sense as well as the main goals of community contracts (contracts in society.) As a result, it guarantees the effectiveness of the contract in the interest of social interest, and also, the economic equilibrium of the tourism contract must be consistent with socio-economic and legal criteria and the lack of economic equilibrium will lead to inefficiency of the contract and one of the obvious effects not doing that will be ineffectiveness of the contract and termination of the contract.

The main purpose of this paper is to analyze and explain the environmental protection and sustainable development of tourism destinations in Iran's penal code. The main question of the present article is how has environmental protection and sustainable development of tourism destinations been considered in Iranian criminal law? To answer this main question, the loan we are trying to analyze is that environmental protection and sustainable development of tourism purposes require the protection of criminal law. The methodology of this research is to investigate the legal texts and the opinions of jurists and jurisprudents regarding the subject in terms of the subject and the objectives and the method of collecting information in a descriptive-analytical way. Accordingly, the collection of information in the form of a library and reference to databases and Internet searches of articles with a scientific degree of validity and updating will be. The data gathering tool is a snippet and database. The method of analysis in this paper will be qualitative and argumentative in this way, we examine the variables of the subject and describe and analyze the collected data in a systematic way.

Cities are prominent signs of civilization in every nation. The signs, old symbol of ideas, customs, relationships and interactions of people have played a role in the formation of cities and intertwined a set of environmental, geographic, climatic, traditional and religion combination. Historic cities in Iran are the most valuable cultural heritage that expresses the dynamism, vitality and symbol of urban life. Iconic  architecture  promotes the  identification  of  a  place,  city  or  area.  Structural, functional  and  artistic  aspects  of  architecture,  particularly  those  that  represent  unique features, attract tourists. Architectural and urbanity of ancient Iran have always attracted tourists throughout the world. These features include principles that have been manifested in the heart of the tradition. In recent decades, due to unbalanced expansion of cities and discontinuity of spatial organization, and arrival of new technologies, globalization and the space density, traditional city is far from its truth and it has created challenges for traditional urbanism and modern urbanism. Therefore, the main content of this paper includes and analyzes the commercial buildings in Tabriz bazaar and Khan Bazaar in Yazd and their effects on tourism and tourist attraction. Moreover, it represents the similarities and differences between these two places in Qajar era. Such a study appears to be essential as there is a lack of enough research in this ground. For this reason five commercial buildings in Tabriz and four others in Yazd were selected. Then an example of Tabriz and a similar sample were selected from the Yazd Bazar and similarities, differences in the tables were compared. Moreover, the mentioned places were considered from their touristy architecture perspective and their potentiality for attracting tourists The results showed that commercial building in Tabriz and Yazd did not have similar Plans. The studied places in Tabriz  have got more centralized plans and are octagonal, but in In Yazd bazaar the plans are more rectangular or roughly square. . The other difference is related to length and width proportion and there are such proportions like ( 3 to 1) and (3 to 2) and (3 to 5) for Tabriz commercial buildings and (1 to 1) and (4 to 1)  for Yazd commercial buildings. Also in aspect of their similarities, it is the ceiling structure in both vaults with brick façade. In terms of proportion, the filled  and empty spaces proportion is the same for both and they are (2 to 1), (3 to 2) and (5 to 2). From touristy architecture, the results showed that both Tabriz and Yazd enjoy various touristy architectures and have significant potentials for tourist attraction.

The main purpose of this study is to investigate the anthropology of socio-cultural structures of Kalhor tribe of Kermanshah and its changes and developments as well as tourist attractions of the study area. Therefore, the main issue and question that the researcher seeks to answer is from an anthropological point of view, what is the cultural and social structure and family system, and what changes have taken place in the structures in question in the recent past in Kalhor tribe? It should be mentioned that functionalist theory has been used in this research. The research method of this article from a practical perspective,  is fundamental and in terms of nature, is qualitative and ethnographic. The statistical population of this research consists of all local informants and experts who live in Kermanshah province, especially in Kalhor tribe. In this article, snowball sampling method and the type of theoretical saturation are used and a mixed method is used forcollecting information (documentary-field). The findings of this study indicate that Kermanshah province and especially Kalhor dweller region has many tourist attractions that can be very effective in attracting domestic and foreign tourists, while this tribe has experienced extensive changes throughout its history which are visible in material, behavioral and oral traditions; and also in its socio-cultural structures and family system

Sustainable tourism is based on the concept of sustainable development. The area attracts a significant number of users for sports and tourism activities, especially on holidays and weekends. Most users (especially amateurs) move at approximately 2182 meters. The movement of athletes and various uses of environmental facilities such as cafes, restaurants, etc. lead to an increase in the sound level in the mountaineering route and the surrounding areas. The results show that with the change of time from early morning (6 am) to noon (12 pm), the sound level increases due to the increase in the number of users in the area. The average noise level along the mountaineering route is 77, 3 dB, which does not comply with the EPA standard as well as the UK and WHO standards and indicates the amount of noise. Therefore, environmental and safety priorities must also be considered. Failure to pay attention to the bearing capacity in determining the number of authorized users to enter the area and the entry of more people into the area, will cause damage to the environment, reduce the quality of services and welfare and other natural and human issues. Thus; Area management must plan in such a way as to ensure sustainable performance in addition to using existing land uses.