درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

The present article aims to examine the risk of host governments’ interference with the property of foreign investors (expropriation) in the petroleum industry. Host states have the police power to make regulatory changes. The ‘police power’ is defined as the inherent and plenary power of a sovereign to make all laws necessary and proper to preserve the public security, order, health, morality, and justice. It is a fundamental power essential to government, and it cannot be surrendered by the legislature or irrevocably transferred away from government. The government can interfere with the contract and change the contract terms or may even directly take the investment. This is the main reason for international petroleum disputes and international arbitration practice has addressed such risk. For this purpose, the concept of property and compensable property rights under international law are of great significance. Indeed, expropriation conveys a deprivation of a property owner of this property. This paper assesses the concept of expropriation, the international legal requirements for a lawful expropriation, and then, analyses the relevant international arbitral awards in petroleum jurisprudence.

Oil and Gas projects as are very complicated. A wide range of risks are included in oil and gas projects and contracts. Different aspects of risks can be addressed in a risk management process which assessment, efficient distribution and allocation of contractual risks are of a high importance. Many researches have studied the Project Risk Management in oil and gas industries with focus on legal and contractual risks aiming to reach to an optimal risk distribution which does not necessarily mean to have a complete contract. In this article with the goal of reviewing contractual risk allocation in Usance finance contracts, a thorough study has been done on related researches and then a complete review has been done on different contracts in Downstream petrochemical projects. Concentration on used risk management mechanisms in both cases and related risks shows severe issues and bugs in both contracts. Some contractual risks are not addressed at all and the case contracts are not balanced in the view of contractual risks distribution.

The aim of this study was to The Impact of Renewable Energy Development Policies on Macroeconomic Indicators in Iran in 2020 through the exploratory mixed exploration model research method. The statistical population in the qualitative sector was professors of higher education centers in the field of energy and economics, and senior, middle managers and senior experts of the country's electricity industry and in the quantitative sector the managers and deputies of Ministry of Energy, Companies of TAVANIR, Regional Electric Company of Tehran, Fars and Mazandaran and SATBA by 180 people. In qualitative part 20 experts were selected by snowball sampling method and in quantitative part 123 people were selected by relative class sampling method with Cochran's formula. Data were analyzed in qualitative part with Delphi technique and in quantitative part with 105-item questionnaire with SPSS and Smart PLS software. To determine the validity and reliability in the qualitative part, the necessary tests including acceptability and capability have been used and in a quantitative part, the validity of the questionnaires was confirmed in terms of form, content (CVR and CVI range for each item between 0.6 to 0.1 and 0.85 to 0.1, respectively) and structure. The reliability and combined reliability of the components were estimated and confirmed between 0.847 to 0.951 and 0.759 to 0.931, respectively. Findings showed that the model of the Impact of Renewable Energy Development Policies on Macroeconomic Indicators in Iran has nine dimensions (objective evaluation, legal framework, compliance, management requirements, policy environment management, process evaluation, policy evaluators, auditing and the characteristics of the optimal method of evaluation) and 25 components.

The innovation ecosystem plays a valuable role in the development of innovation and entrepreneurship. The emergence of an innovation-based economy requires the development of an innovation ecosystem in the context of the region. In most countries, especially less developed countries, the ecosystem is not properly formed and the first step to its formation is the theoretical and experimental knowledge of this area. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the dimensions and components of the innovation ecosystem. We applied bibliometric method, citation analysis, applied evaluation techniques and content analysis of documents in this research. The purpose of this research is to review studies in this field and to present a conceptual and integrated model using content analysis of documents by organizing previous research. The statistical population of this research includes all the documents presented in the Web of Science database with 438 documents related to the innovation ecosystem until 2020 and has been evaluated and illustrated using VOS viewer software. Based on the content analysis of the documents, research on the "innovation ecosystem" is divided into five sections. The first part of the research is related to the structural factors. The second part is related to the type of the relationships and interactions, and the third part is related to the results. The fourth part is about the actors and the fifth part is about how they have performed. Finally, the conceptual framework of the research is presented based on the content analysis of the documents