درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Option pricing is a main topic in contemporary financial theories, captivating the attention of numerous financial analysts and economists. Barrier option, classified as an exotic option, derives its value from the behavior of an underlying asset. The outcome of this option is based on whether or not the price of the underlying asset has reached a predetermined barrier level. Over the years, the stock price has been represented through continuous stochastic processes, with the prominent one being the Brownian motion process. Correspondingly, the widely used Black-Scholes model has been employed. Nevertheless, it has become evident that utilizing stochastic differential equations to characterize the stock price process is unsuitable and leads to a perplexing paradox. As a result, many researchers have turned to incorporating fuzzy or uncertain environments in such situations. This study presents a methodology for pricing barrier options on stocks in an uncertain environment, in which the interarrival times are uncertain variables. The approach employs the Liu process and renewal uncertain process, considering the interest rate as dynamic and floating. The pricing formulas for knock-in barrier options are derived using α-paths of uncertain differential equations with jumps.

The present research had a dual objective: first, to identify the components for organizational Development within the structure of the education system in Iran, and second, to propose a model for organizational transformation in the same context. To this end, a qualitative and interpretive approach was employed using grounded theory methodology. Data were collected through a semi-structured interview protocol. The research field included education specialists, from whom 22 individuals were invited for interviews through snowball sampling until theoretical saturation was reached. The transcripts of the interviews were analyzed after being transcribed into written text, using the three-stage systematic coding model of Strauss and Corbin (open, axial, and selective coding). The findings indicated that the main and effective components in the structural transformation of education encompassed the following 11 axial codes: management style, authority and division of tasks, formality, job satisfaction, professionalism, religious value system, justice, supervision and evaluation, management and planning, human resources, and educational budget. The results of the research showed that, considering the importance of transformation in the structure of the education system and the various problems and obstacles identified by education elites regarding structural transformation, attention should be paid to the aforementioned identified components and the proposed model of the research to facilitate change

This study investigates the crucial components propelling the integration of green technology and blockchain technology within electronic education (e-learning). Employing a mixed-methods research design, the inquiry blends quantitative and qualitative methodologies for comprehensive analysis. The qualitative phase draws upon the expertise of 125 purposefully sampled academic experts, subject-area specialists, and e-learning professionals through semi-structured interviews. Content analysis dissects these qualitative data, while structural equation modeling and factor analysis illuminate the quantitative dimension. The findings unveil five key components orchestrating green technology development in e-learning with blockchain integration: causal conditions, central phenomena, strategies, background conditions, and intervening conditions. Further analysis within each component identifies critical sub-components, informed by expert insights. Collectively, the study's predictor variables, encompassing both green technology development components and blockchain technology utilization, demonstrate a significant predictive influence (0.36, p < 0.01) on the mediator variable, green technology development. Additionally, they exhibit a nuanced yet statistically significant predictive effect (0.16, p > 0.05) on the criterion variable, e-learning and educational software performance enhancement. These positive and direct associations suggest a robust model for integrating blockchain technology to propel green technology advancements within e-learning. The proposed five-component model sheds light on the interplay between key factors, emphasizing the substantial impact of its application in guiding effective integration strategies.

Concern about the Iranian EFL learners’ dissatisfaction with their learning achievement motivated this qualitative study. While the importance of teacher feedback in English as a foreign language (EFL) and its correlation with self-directed learning (SDL) of EFL learners is recognized in the literature, there seems to be a gap specifically regarding the role of Iranian EFL teachers' productive feedback features in fostering EFL learners' SDL. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the teachers' self-reported productive feedback perception and practices in support of Iranian EFL learners’ SDL to fill in the gap. For this aim, fourteen Iranian EFL teachers were interviewed, and the data obtained from the semi-structured individual interviews were analysed through content analysis. According to the findings, the participating EFL teachers unanimously comprehended the benefits of productive feedback in the classroom in support of learners’ SDL. These benefits, emerging from the analyzed data based on teachers’ insights, may contribute to learners’ self-awareness, freedom, effective learning, and a stress-free learning environment. However, the presence of lack of time, teachers’ shortage of knowledge, and the top-down approach to the education system of Iran prevented Iranian EFL teachers from actually implementing these productive feedback features supporting learners’ SDL.