درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

City growth and environmental difficulties last decades leads the art of urban design and development think more precisely and new approaches for conserving environment and developing urban areas have been evolved.The present study deals with concepts related to ecology in the city and in particular the theory of Ecological Urbanism and its criteria is expressed. Also theory and characteristics of cultural landscape is described. Persian traditional architecture and urban design especially in historic urban fabric has unique criteria, Shushtar ancient urban fabric is investigated in this research and its extraordinary characteristics are compared with theories mentioned above.This paper is based on quantitative and qualitative research methods reviewed recent and reliable articles and documents. Also case study is assessed by reviewing, historical books and different official documents in addition a complete assessment of case study is performed by site survey, socioeconomic survey, physical survey, and demographic analysis. Plenty of data gathered by questionnaires, interviewing officials, authorities and residents. Result came out from comparison theories and case study indicates that Shushtar has both ecological urbanism and cultural landscape values and it could be argue that cultural landscape are special features of the culture, art and relation between human and nature in each society, they were existed long before the eco urbanism criteria formed, yet, it seemed there are some similar criteria to define them that illustrate the inseparable fact and relation between them.

Le droit international humanitaire est un ensemble de règles juridique qui interdit les conflits et limite les parties en conflits internationaux, qui, pour des raisons humanitaires, sans légitimer le recours à la force, cherche à réduire les effets des conflits armés. Pour réaliser cette recherche, nous avons utilisé la méthode descriptive analytique dans le but d'étudier la faisabilité de la protection de la famille pendant les conflits armés et d’inférer les lois qui permettent de protéger la famille pendant lesdits conflits. À cette fin, des données de recherche ont été recueillies dans les sources écrites en domaine juridique. Les recherches ont montré que la famille (en tant qu’un tout indépendant) ne fait pas l'objet d'un immense soutien des institutions internationales ni de leurs actions ni dans leurs procédures normatives. Malgré cela, il sied de noter que dans certains instruments juridiques internationaux existants, on peut trouver des exigences peu nombreuses, mais importantes qui assurent la protection de la famille (en tant que telle) pendant les conflits armés ; alors que l'islam a institué la théorie des droits humanitaires de la famille pour assurer la protection de la famille pendant les conflits armés. Les résultats de cette recherche ont montré également que des droits humanitaires liés à la famille peuvent être proposés, dont certains limitent et interdisent les conflits armés, comme le droit à la protection du génome humain. Certains de ces droits ont également un caractère compensatoire, comme l'accès aux cadavres ou le droit à la vérité.

Epics recount the first human experiences and knowledge in a narrative often in a symbolic way. Therefore, they are especially important from different literary, mythology, and anthropology aspects. Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh is the most important Iranian epic, and Niebelungenlied (Song of Nibelungen) is the best epic of the Germans. Shahnameh belongs to New Persian and Niebelungenlied dates back to the Middle German eras. It seems that among the famous epics of the world, these two epics are less compared with each other. Great epic works, due to their origin in various natural, geographical, historical, and cultural contexts, have their own unique narration and special characteristics, along with significant commonalities. This research first narrates a brief summary of the story of both works, although in the case of Shahnameh, due to its huge volume, it is limited to a brief outline. Then, it compares common motifs and themes, and then discusses topics and stories with closer and more similarities, which is caused by similarities in the structure of their narrations. The thematic classification of the most important topics in this research includes the amazing characteristics of the hero, heroic tests, climatic (geographical) setting of the story, hero and anti-hero, dream and dream interpretation, treasure hunting, invulnerability, battle with the dragon, the trinity of power in three lands, the tragic disclosure of secrets, death of a hero, vengeful woman, and the marriage of the hero in a foreign land.