درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Comme il est évident que tout le titre donne des informations à propos de son contenu. Le titre du roman joue un rôle très important pour attirer les attentions des lecteurs. L’un des sujets de recherche importants à cet égard est la titrologie ; donc, dans cette écriture scientifique, nous allons étudier les aspects littéraires et sociaux du titre du roman Au revoir là-haut du point de vue sociocritique et en base de la théorie de Claude Duchet d'une manière bibliographique et analytique. Le roman Au revoir là-haut a traité le sujet de la grande guerre mondiale. L’auteur choisit un titre qui évoque la lettre d’un soldat français à son épouse, au nom de Jean Blanchard, au début de la première guerre mondiale. En étudiant chaque œuvre littéraire, Claude Duchet estime qu'il faut étudier et analyser les différentes fonctions qui se concentrent sur l’objet, le destinataire et le message. Selon ce penseur contemporain, chaque titre est porteur d'un message littéraire et social à la fois. Nous allons répondre à cette question fondamentale : comment le social est intégré dans le titre du roman Au revoir là-haut de Lemaître ? L'étude sur des titres des chapitres, de la première page et du roman ainsi que la couverture sont également étudiés dans le domaine de la titrologie.

The purpose of this research was to construct, validate and determine the reliability of online teaching satisfaction model among virtual course professors. For this purpose, an attempt has been made to design a questionnaire based on the model of Bolliger and Vasilik (2009) to measure the satisfaction of professors with online teaching. In order to create, compile and standardize such a questionnaire, the literature related to satisfaction with online teaching, which was available in the form of articles and books, was carefully reviewed. Finally, the definitions and concepts of satisfaction with online teaching were designed as 30 questions with 5 options using the "Likert scoring" method in the form of measuring the satisfaction of professors with online teaching. The reliability of the questionnaire was evaluated through Cronbach's alpha and retest and construct validity through confirmatory factor analysis. The formal and content validity of the questions was examined by asking the opinions of 19 expert professors in the field of online teaching, and its reliability was also tested on 50 professors of online courses in the "retest" method and at a time interval of 5 weeks. , 0.72 was calculated. Then the questionnaire was implemented on 350 professors of the virtual courses of Payam-Noor University and by using factor analysis with "rotational" method of "Varimax" type, 3 factors with characteristic value higher than 5 were determined as follows: "Satisfaction" from the organization", "student satisfaction" and "self satisfaction". Therefore, the reliability coefficients were between 0.68 and 0.89 for all subscales and 0.78 for the whole questionnaire by the test-retest method. The internal consistency coefficients for all subscales were between 0.62 and 0.75 and for the whole questionnaire was 0.93. In general, the validity and reliability coefficients obtained for the questionnaire were satisfactory. The designed questionnaire is distinguished from other questionnaires in the field of online teaching satisfaction for two reasons. First, this questionnaire covers areas of satisfaction that are related to organizational, student, and self-satisfaction. Second, each of its questions is derived from a defined index, and this issue makes the professors' "satisfaction with online teaching" based on a theoretical framework. Finally, it can be said that according to the reliability and validity results, this questionnaire is a relatively suitable tool for measuring the threshold of "satisfaction with online teaching" of online course professors at Payam Noor University. Obviously, building a scale to measure an existing structure is extremely difficult and time-consuming if done correctly; For example, studying the history of the formation of well-known tests in the world, which are highly reliable and valid.