درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

L’élément de personnage a souvent fait l’objet d’études littéraires. Pourtant, rares sont les études qui scrutent l’effet esthétique de cet élément sur la réception du lecteur. Les recherches de Vincent Jouve sur l’effet-personnage pallient ce manque théorique. Dans L’effet-personnage dans le roman (2001), il explique que le personnage peut produire trois types d’effet sur le lecteur : l’effet-personne, l’effet-personnel et l’effet-prétexte. Dans cet article, nous nous pencherons sur l’étude de ce dernier effet à travers Désert (1980), roman de J.M.G. Le Clézio. Cet effet s’exerce sur le lecteur lorsque celui-ci projette ses désirs dans le personnage. Mais par quel mécanisme le lecteur entre en interaction avec le personnage-prétexte et comment cette interaction donne lieu à l’abréaction des pulsions du lecteur pour provoquer le plaisir lectoral ? Quels sont les procédés narratifs qui préparent l’effet-prétexte ? Pour répondre à ces questions et afin de mieux connaître le processus de l’activité lectoriale et son effet sur le lecteur, nous étudierons les trois désirs pulsionnels parcourant notre corpus, à savoir le voyeurisme, l’aspiration à l’inhumain et au non-humain et l’affirmation du Moi. Nous examinerons également, les modalités de la préparation narrative de l’œuvre en vue de susciter l’effet-prétexte à la réception du personnage.

Mediatheque is an inclusive adaptation of library in which public could exchange information in practical way by applying contemporary technology. It is exerting a new method of bilateral exchange information between clients and sources through various media, which not only serve a faster data transmission than books and libraries but also are more efficient than the other services. This comprehensive library, which is centers of activities in different fields especially in arts and films, is a constant element in developed countries. By designing such an original scientific infrastructure, people can have easy access to information and freely exchange of data. This criterion can be one of the most elemental reasons that developed countries are commonly porn to use in urban areas. Investigations on these organized places for cultural activities that are accompanied by comprehensive planning indicated that Mediatheque can increase the knowledge of the public in an effective way. Therefore, for upgrading the cultural and scientific infrastructure in other countries such as Iran, having mediatheques is vital for almost every city. This paper aims to investigate the necessity of creating mediatheques, especially in Iran, and compare some examples of existing mediatheques in international scene, in which it can be applied as an example that would be according to the rich Iranian music culture. Moreover, steps of creating a musictheque will be introduced which should be a symbol of traditional and native music of Iran.

The present study seeks to answer the question, of why the EU despite its political will to expand relations with Iran and its efforts, in particular, to maintain the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) within the framework of the designed mechanisms, failed to exercise its strategic independence and fulfill its obligations within JCPOA? The findings show that the lack of European strategic independence is due to its transatlantic dependence on three levels: Institutional security deficit, Asymmetric interdependence in the economic sphere, and the preferences of European transnational corporations concerning US markets. At the level of the institutional security deficit, Given the United States security umbrella and the lack of military-defense independence, the European Union is forced to adjust its approaches to US interests and goals. At the economic level, the interdependence of economic, trade, and highly intertwined transatlantic investment interactions and the asymmetry of this relationship (US strategic economic superiority) has severely limited the possibility of EU economic action independence. The methodology of this research is descriptive-analytical and the method of data collection in the library. In this regard, books, articles, documents, Internet resources, and comments of relevant officials have been used to collect data.