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Objective : This study examines how different research and development (R&D) funding sources—business enterprise R&D (BERD), higher education R&D (HERD), and government-financed R&D (GOVERD)—influence national innovation and competitiveness, measured by the Global Innovation Index (GII) and Global Competitiveness Index (GCI). This study addresses a critical gap by moving beyond aggregate R&D spending to examine how funding composition shapes innovation capacity.  Methodology: Ordinary least squares (OLS) regression analysis was conducted on a sample of 47 countries using data from OECD R&D Statistics, World Bank Development Indicators, and GII/GCI reports. Missing values (< 3%) were imputed using mean substitution. Diagnostic tests were applied to verify normality, minimal multicollinearity, and compliance with heteroscedasticity assumptions. Two models were subsequently estimated with GII and GCI as dependent variables. Results : For the GII model (R² = 0.601, F = 12.37, p < 0.001), overall GERD intensity was significantly positive (β = 10.54, p = 0.040), while disaggregated components (BERD, HERD, GOVERD) showed no individual significance due to multicollinearity. GDP per capita was robust (β = 8.78e-05, p = 0.019). For the GCI model (R² = 0.651, F = 15.31, p < 0.001), GERD was non-significant; GDP per capita remained the strongest predictor (β = 0.0003, p < 0.001). Regression assumptions were satisfied (Jarque-Bera p > 0.44; Durbin-Watson ≈ 2.1). Conclusion : Overall R&D intensity significantly influences innovation, but relationships with disaggregated sources are complex. The importance of GDP per capita shows that the quality of institutions and the ability to absorb new ideas are both important for turning R&D spending into innovation and competitiveness benefits. Policymakers should prioritize both R&D funding levels and the institutional environment enabling effective R&D utilization.

Dans cet article, nous explorons la quête identitaire de Jeanne, l'héroïne d’Une Vie de Guy de Maupassant, à travers une analyse sociolinguistique, éclairée par les réflexions de Luce Irigaray. Nous nous intéressons particulièrement à la manière dont Jeanne, en tant que femme dans une société patriarcale, traverse une crise d'identité sociale et linguistique. En nous appuyant sur les travaux d'Irigaray, et soulignant la manière dont l'être féminin est souvent réduit au silence dans les discours dominants, nous nous proposons d’analyser comment le langage de l’héroïne, et son incapacité à s’affirmer, illustre sa subordination et son aliénation dans un cadre social où les préjugés socio-culturels masculins prédominent. Dans cette perspective, nous allons mettre en lumière les tensions entre le désir du personnage pour échapper aux rôles traditionnels qui lui sont assignés et le poids des attentes sociolinguistiques qui façonnent son identité. Ce travail aura pour objectif de montrer comment, dans ce roman de Maupassant, le langage, ou plutôt l’absence de voix, devient le reflet de l'oppression féminine.

This research aims to investigate the effect of risk management on the speed of adjustment of commercial credit by considering the role of structural characteristics of companies' management. The statistical population is all the companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange, and using the systematic elimination sampling method, 124 companies were selected as the research sample. They were examined in the ten years between 2014 and 2023. The results of the research hypotheses test showed that risk management has a direct and significant effect on the adjustment speed of trade receivables and payables. Also, the interaction of management history with risk management directly affects the speed of commercial credit payable and receivable adjustment. The interaction of management independence and risk management has a direct and significant effect on the speed of adjustment of trade credit payable, the interaction of these two variables has an inverse impact on the speed of adjustment of trade credit receivable, and finally, the interaction of the position of management and risk management influences the speed of adjustment of trade credit payable and is not receivable. In summary, this research indicates that risk management plays a significant role in the speed of trade credit adjustment, and this relationship is influenced by the company’s managerial structural characteristics. The findings emphasize the importance of risk management strategies and managerial structure in enhancing financial transparency and efficiency.

The relationship between Rome and Parthia is one of the most important issues in ancient history. Still, only some scholars, such as archaeologists, historians, and linguists, have written books and articles about this subject. Rome, Parthia, and the Politics of Peace, The Origins of War in the Ancient Middle East, by Jason M. Schlude, is a new book in this field.