درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Schadenfreude has been defined as the enjoyment of others’ misery; a kind of happiness from malice, which one acquires when one learns that others are lucky or experiencing a setback. The purpose of this study was to analyze the experiences of Sulaymaniyah football team fans regarding the theory of happiness from the Erbil team's discomfort in Iraq. An interview was conducted with the fans who had lived experiences (N = 18) and the data were analyzed using thematic analysis. The findings showed that several factors affect schadenfreude, such as political and governmental problems, managerial weaknesses of responsible people, past problems, and discrimination between teams. The findings extend the theory of social identity theory. According to the results, the managers of the teams and the officials of the Kurdistan Region in Iraq can provide the ground for reducing the happiness of the opponent's team with proper management and non-partisanship of the teams. Research in the field of schadenfreude can reduce the problems of advocacy and the wrong decisions of managers and officials and contribute to equality in this field.

Background: Cardiovascular disease is a significant contributor to mortality in diabetic patients. Despite the potential benefits of concomitant and complementary training in diabetic patients, there is a paucity of evidence in this area.Aim: The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of aerobic training in conjunction with a hydroalcoholic extract of the fruit of Qaraqat on superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, total antioxidant capacity, and malondialdehyde in the heart tissue of male rats with type 2 diabetes.Materials and Methods: 24 male rats aged 8 weeks were diabetic with a high-fat diet (60%) and streptozotocin injection. They were randomly divided into four groups: (1) aerobic training (AT), (2) supplementation (Sup), (3) Aerobic training+ supplement (AT+Sup), and (4) diabetes control (Con). The training protocol included running on a treadmill at a speed of 5-24 m/min for 10-60 min, according to the principle of overload. Glucose, insulin, insulin resistance, and MDA, TAC, GPX, and SOD of heart tissue were measured. Statistical tests of two-way variance and post hoc Bonferroni were used using SPSS software at a significance level of P<0.005.Results A significant decrease in glucose levels, insulin resistance, and MDA (P<0.005) was observed in the intervention groups following eight weeks of training and supplement intervention, in comparison to the Con group. Also, the amount of insulin in Sup and AT+Sup groups exhibited a notable decline in comparison to Con and AT groups (P<0.005), as well as a substantial increase in the levels of SOD (P=0.001) and GPx (P<0.005), and TAC (P<0.005) was observed.Conclusion: Diabetes is associated with elevated MDA levels, which are reduced by aerobic training and supplementation. Furthermore, the administration of a training intervention and the utilization of a supplement have been demonstrated to elevate the levels of SOD, TAC, and GPx.

The purpose of this paper is to list and briefly discuss the top authors, organizations, universities, nations, publications, and journals in the topic of sports safety management. It also aims to provide the most linked patterns in terms of co-citation, co-authorship, keyword co-occurrence, temporal proximity, and substantial terms and concepts in the field of safety management based on content analysis. 214 pertinent international publications from journals around the world that were published between 1993 and 2023 were found in the Scopus citation database and comprised the statistical population for this study, which followed a systematic review process. In this study, software tools like Publish or Perish, Excel, Vosviewer, Rstudio, R and Maxqda 2020 were used to identify, quantify, and evaluate safety management elements in sports.The results showed that the United States has the most influence in this sector, with the University of Florida (USA) being the most significant university and organization. "Recreational Sports" is the most prominent journal in the field of safety and risk management. Konnaughton, D.P., and Spengler, Jo are the most significant authors in this discipline. Finally, a comprehensive and eight-dimensional model of safety management was created by merging the essential terms that were taken from the examination of the top 20 articles in this sector. In conclusion, it can be said that safety and risk management in sports can reduce sports-related dangers and boost safety standards, resulting in a significant advancement in athlete safety and a reduction in risks related to sports.