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Given that the threats of consumerist attitudes are felt among Nonprofit Sport Clubs/Organizations members in Iran, the main focus of this paper is to determine how NPSCs in Iran deal with consumerist attitudes in sports. This study empirically examines whether Customer Knowledge Management affects Consumerism by considering the mediating role of Customer relationship management in NPSCs. The statistical population of the current study included consumers of NPSC in NorthWest Iran. Data collection tool was a questionnaire. Structural equation modeling was used to test the research model. The sample consisted of 141 females and 265 males. The age of the participants varied from 21 to 70 years old, with the majority falling within the 41 to 50 age bracket. The participants had been members of the club for a minimum of 11 months, the majority had been club members for more than 3 years. Findings indicate that CRM mediates the relationship between CKM and CS, and when CKM is high, CS and CRM are also high. This paper contributes to the literature on nonprofit organizations by showing the important role of CRM in the CS of NPSCs. We recommend that sports clubs rely on CKM and CRM as much as possible.

Purpose: Winter endurance training combines high aerobic load with repeated cold exposure, which can alter immune-related cellular signaling and increase vulnerability to upper respiratory tract infections (URTI), thereby threatening training continuity and performance. This structured abstract aimed to summarize a signaling-based rationale for immune-informed winter periodization in endurance runners. Method: A narrative, mechanistic synthesis was developed from exercise immunology and cold-stress evidence, focusing on how cold exposure and endurance exercise converge on sympathetic nervous system and hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis activation, downstream endocrine responses (catecholamines, cortisol), immune cell trafficking, airway barrier function, mucosal immunity (salivary IgA), and cytokine signaling (with emphasis on IL-6). Practical implications were translated into microcycle/mesocycle design principles and a tiered monitoring framework. Results: Cold exposure triggers thermoregulatory vasoconstriction and central blood redistribution and is accompanied by neuroendocrine shifts that can modify leukocyte behavior, adhesion signaling, and lymphocyte proliferation. Evidence indicates that respiratory barrier defenses may be impaired in cold conditions, while mucosal immunity (e.g., IgA-related protection) can be reduced in heavily trained athletes during winter, coinciding with increased URTI reports. IL-6 responses to exercise in the cold were context-dependent: some protocols show minimal temperature effects at moderate intensity, whereas others report higher IL-6 at colder temperatures, supporting a multi-marker and longitudinal interpretation rather than reliance on single measurements. Conclusion: Integrating cellular signaling knowledge enables temperature-aware planning of intensity, structured warm-up/rewarming routines, monotony control, and symptom-gated adjustments to reduce “vulnerability windows” without sacrificing adaptation. Immune-informed winter periodization, supported by feasible monitoring (load, sleep, symptoms, and optional IgA/cytokines), may preserve training availability and mitigate winter performance decrement in endurance runners.

Purpose: Extreme sport tourism has become a rapidly expanding segment of the global tourism industry, involving high-risk activities such as rafting, climbing, sky running, and canyoning. The objective of this review was to synthesize current scientific evidence on the physiological and organizational determinants of safety in extreme sport tourism and to present an integrated framework applicable to diverse adventure sport contexts. Method: A narrative review methodology was adopted. Peer-reviewed studies published between 2000 and 2025 were identified through PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar. Included studies addressed physiological stress responses, environmental exposure, guide competence, safety management systems, and emergency preparedness in extreme or adventure sport settings. Findings were thematically synthesized across physiological and organizational domains. Results: The review identified key physiological determinants of safety, including cardiovascular strain, hypoxic and respiratory stress, thermoregulatory imbalance, dehydration, neuromuscular fatigue, and neuroendocrine stress responses, all of which influence performance, cognition, and decision-making under extreme conditions. Organizational determinants included structured risk assessment, guide training and certification, equipment standards, communication systems, emergency response planning, and organizational safety culture. Evidence indicated that inadequate organizational control amplifies physiological risk and contributes to accident occurrence. Conclusion: Safety in extreme sport tourism requires an integrated, multidisciplinary approach aligning human physiological limits with organizational management to improve participant safety and support sustainable destination development.

Purpose: Aging is accompanied by progressive mitochondrial dysfunction and increased oxidative stress, particularly within the hippocampus, a brain region highly vulnerable to metabolic impairment and redox imbalance. Curcumin, a polyphenolic compound with potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, and high-intensity interval training (HIIT), a time-efficient exercise modality known to stimulate mitochondrial biogenesis, may offer complementary neuroprotective benefits. This study examined the synergistic effects of curcumin supplementation and HIIT on mitochondrial antioxidant enzymes in the hippocampus of aged rats. Method: Thirty-two male Wistar rats (22–24 months) were randomly assigned to four groups: Control, Curcumin (100 mg/kg/day), HIIT, and Curcumin + HIIT. The 8-week HIIT protocol consisted of treadmill-based intervals performed five days per week, while hippocampal mitochondrial fractions were analyzed for superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). Oxidative stress markers, including reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA), and reduced glutathione (GSH), were also quantified. Results: Both curcumin and HIIT independently increased SOD2, CAT, and GPx activities (p < 0.01), but the combined intervention produced significantly greater enhancements across all enzyme systems (p < 0.001). ROS and MDA levels were markedly reduced in the Curcumin + HIIT group compared with all other groups (p < 0.001), while GSH content increased by more than 100% relative to controls. Effect sizes were large for all mitochondrial and oxidative stress outcomes, indicating robust physiological adaptation. Conclusion: These findings demonstrate that curcumin supplementation synergistically enhances the mitochondrial antioxidant and redox benefits of HIIT in the aging hippocampus. Integrating targeted nutraceuticals with structured high-intensity exercise may represent a promising strategy for mitigating age-related oxidative dysfunction and supporting long-term brain health.

Purpose: The acute ventilatory response to exercise in adolescents is a critical indicator of cardiorespiratory fitness, yet the predictive power of basic anthropometric measures for this response, particularly in field-based settings, is not fully established. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between anthropometric variables (height, weight, BMI) and acute ventilatory responses both at rest and immediately following a maximal one-mile (1600m) field run in healthy adolescent boys. Method: In a pre-test/post-test experimental design, 80 healthy adolescent boys (mean age: 14.65 ± 1.22 years, height: 168.20 ± 9.72, body mass index: 19.54 ± 2.80) were selected via cluster sampling. Anthropometric data (height, weight, BMI) and estimated VO₂max were recorded. Pulmonary function variables (FVC, FEV₁, VC, TV, MVV) were measured via spirometry at rest and immediately after a maximal one-mile run. Stepwise multiple regression analysis was used to predict ventilatory responses from anthropometric and physiological variables. Results: Height, weight, and BMI were all significant predictors of pulmonary function (FVC, FEV₁, VC) in both pre- and post-test conditions (p < 0.05). Height emerged as the strongest single predictor. A slight but consistent decrease in mean FVC, FEV₁, and VC values was observed post-exercise. VO₂max was a weaker predictor compared to anthropometric measures. Conclusion: Basic anthropometric characteristics, most notably height, are strong and consistent predictors of pulmonary function in adolescent boys, both at rest and following acute strenuous exercise. These findings highlight the importance of using individual morphometric characteristics for accurately assessing and interpreting exercise-induced ventilatory responses in youth populations. Field-based testing provides a valid practical method for such evaluations.

This study was conducted with the aim of identifying and prioritizing the ethical dimensions of marketing in the sale of sports equipment in Yazd province, Iran. The research was a mixed exploratory study conducted in the field. The research population in the qualitative and quantitative sections included all individuals who made sports purchases in 2023. In the qualitative section, 16 individuals were interviewed using the snowball method until theoretical saturation was reached. For the quantitative section, according to Krejcie and Morgan table, 384 individuals were randomly selected from 6 counties (Yazd, Meybod, Ardakan, Mehriz, Khatam, and Bafq) as the sample. The research tools in the qualitative section were interviews, and in the quantitative section, questionnaires derived from the interviews, which were examined for validity and reliability. For data analysis, descriptive statistical methods (mean, standard deviation) and inferential statistical methods (exploratory factor analysis and second-order confirmatory factor analysis) were used. The research results showed that the ethical dimensions of marketing in the sale of sports equipment were identified in four components (product, price, distribution, and promotion). In general, it can be said that by identifying the ethical dimensions of marketing in the sale of sports equipment, on one hand, it helps develop ethics in the field of sports marketing, and on the other hand, it enables officials to prevent unethical practices through increased attention and oversight of sellers' work in the identified areas, leading to greater customer satisfaction.

The aim of this study is to investigate the mediating role of value co-creation and employee adaptability in the relationship between learning agility and organizational performance in basketball clubs. The current research method is correlational carried out in the field. The research population  was managers and employees of basketball clubs in Iraq. 427 subjects were studied  using the stratified sampling method. The learning agility questionnaires of Gravett and Caldwell (2016), the value co-creation of Nysveen and Pedersen (2014), the adaptability of Van Dam and Meulders (2021), and the organizational performance of Delshab et al. (2022) were used. SPSS version 18 and PLS version 3 software were used for data analysis. The results showed that learning agility has a significant relationship with value co-creation and employee adaptability. Moreover, there is a significant relationship between value co-creation and employee adaptability with organizational performance. Finally, value co-creation and employee’s adaptability have a mediating role in the relationship between learning agility and organizational performance. The current research showed that learning agility is a key concept for enhancing value co-creation and adaptability among employees, which leads to better organizational performance.

Background : Chronic non-specific low back pain is extremely common in the general population. Athletes are often at special risk for more serious  associated factors of low back pain, which are often sport-specific in their etiology. Aim: The purpose of this study was to investigate the epidemiology and  associated factors of chronic non-specific low back pain in male athletes of track and field in the national league.     Materials and Methods : A total of 63 individuals were randomly selected to enter the study. The mean age of the subjects with the standard deviation was 25.2±4.5. To investigate the disability due to chronic non-specific low back pain, Oswestry questionnaire was used. For the evaluation of the pain perception, the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) was employed. Statistical analysis was performed using chi-square (χ²), spearman correlation and multiple linear regression at a significance level of 0.05. All statistical calculations were done using SPSS-21 software.  Results: Out of 63 subjects, 32 individuals (50.8%) had chronic non-specific low back pain. Of these, 29 subjects(46%)  had low disability and 3 subjects (4.8%) had moderate disability due to low back pain. None of the participants had  severeor very  severedisability. Pain perception measured using the VAS, had a mean of 35.4%. The most frequent cause of Chronic non-specific low back pain in track and field athletes was high-intensity training (26.7%, n=24), followed by training and activity location (21.1%, n=19) (x 2 = 64.88, p=0.000). The regression analysis showed a significant relationship between high-intensity training and Chronic non-specific low back pain among the mentioned athletes (p≤0.05). Conclusion: The results of this study shows a high epidemiology of Chronic non-specific low back pain in male track and field athletes, which requires serious attention. Additionally, high-intensity training and the location of training and activities were identified as key  associated factors in Chronic non-specific low back pain.

This study aimed to investigate the impact of lateral dominance (ipsilateral vs. contralateral) and gender on fine motor skill performance in adolescents. Conducted during the 2021-2022 academic year in Shiraz, the experimental study involved 383 adolescents aged 16 to 18, selected due to COVID-19 conditions. The Edinburgh Handedness Questionnaire assessed hand dominance, the Hole-in-the-Card test identified the dominant eye, and the Grooved Pegboard test evaluated fine motor skills. Results from the analysis of variance revealed that in the ipsilateral group (dominant eye = dominant hand), there was no significant gender difference (p > 0.05). Conversely, in the contralateral group (dominant eye ≠ dominant hand), females outperformed males across all variables (p < 0.05), with significant differences noted in right-hand time (p = 0.001), left-hand time (p = 0.028), and overall score (p = 0.003). In conclusion, gender and lateral dominance significantly influence fine motor skill performance, suggesting that educational and training programs for adolescents should consider these factors to enhance motor skills effectively.