درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Objective : The study aimed to investigate the specificity of practice hypothesis in soccer by examining the impact of environmental light conditions on the learning of a soccer push pass. Specifically, it sought to determine whether practicing under natural or artificial light would influence skill acquisition and transfer when visual conditions changed. Method: Twenty-six male students (mean age 20.67 ± 1.78 years) with no prior experience in the experimental task were matched and divided into two practice groups based on their pre-test scores in the Mor-Christian Push Pass Test. One group trained under natural sunlight (daytime), while the other practiced under artificial gym light (nighttime) for six sessions (three times per week). Following the training phase, participants underwent immediate retention tests under the same light conditions as their practice. A delayed retention test was conducted ten days later. Data were analyzed using a 2 (group: natural vs. artificial light) × 2 (test condition: natural vs. artificial light) × 2 (test delay: immediate vs. delayed) repeated measures ANOVA via SPSS-16. Results : The results revealed no significant differences in skill acquisition between the two practice groups during training. However, during transfer tests where light conditions were altered, both groups exhibited a significant decline in performance. This finding supports the specificity of practice hypothesis, indicating that skill learning is context-dependent and performance deteriorates when environmental conditions change. Conclusions : The study confirms that soccer push pass performance is sensitive to the environmental context in which it is practiced. While both natural and artificial light conditions yielded similar skill acquisition, the inability to maintain performance under altered lighting suggests that practice specificity plays a critical role in motor learning. These findings highlight the importance of training under varied conditions to enhance adaptability and transferability of sport skills. 

Aging is influenced by a wide range of biological processes, with increasing attention focused on physical exercise as an effective, non-pharmacological intervention to support healthy aging and extend lifespan. This review examines how exercise influences aging mechanisms by activating Forkhead Box O (FOXO) proteins—especially FOXO3, a critical regulator of oxidative stress resistance, metabolism, and cellular repair. By integrating evidence from both animal models and human studies, we explore how different types of physical activity, including endurance and resistance training, enhance FOXO signaling pathways that govern mitochondrial health, autophagy, and inflammation control. FOXO activation appears to play a central role in mitigating age-related diseases such as sarcopenia, cardiovascular disease, neurodegeneration, and cancer. While preclinical studies consistently demonstrate these protective effects, human data are more variable, highlighting the influence of age, sex, and intervention type. Understanding the molecular connection between exercise and FOXO activity can help develop targeted exercise recommendations to promote longevity and delay age-associated functional decline.

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the effect of PMS on aerobic, anaerobic, and cognitive performance in female combat athletes. Method: In this semi-experimental study with a repeated measures design, 20 female combat athletes (mean age: 24.5±2.1 years) were assessed during two phases of their menstrual cycle: the PMS phase (7-10 days before menstruation) and the non-PMS phase (days 7-14 of the cycle). Aerobic performance was measured using the Bruce treadmill test, anaerobic performance was assessed by the Wingate test, and cognitive performance was evaluated through simple and choice reaction time tests. Statistical analyses were performed using paired t-tests and Pearson correlation (p<0.05). Results: The findings showed a significant reduction in VO₂ max (6.2%), time to exhaustion, and a significant increase in maximal heart rate and Rate of Perceived Exertion (RPE) during the PMS phase compared to the non-PMS phase (p<0.05). Anaerobic performance also declined, with a reduction in peak power (6.2%) and mean power (7.5%), an increase in fatigue index (16.2%), and lower blood lactate levels (p<0.01). Cognitive performance deteriorated during PMS, demonstrated by increased simple (16.7%) and choice (16.6%) reaction times, more errors, and decreased accuracy (p<0.01). Furthermore, there was a significant positive correlation between PMS symptom severity and VO₂ max reduction (r=0.72), as well as between blood lactate levels and reaction time (r=0.65) (p<0.01). Conclusion: PMS negatively affects aerobic, anaerobic, and cognitive performance in female combat athletes. These findings highlight the importance of considering the menstrual cycle phases in designing training and competition schedules for female athletes to optimize performance and prevent potential declines associated with PMS.

Purpose: The purpose of this review study is to investigate dental caries and intense training. the oral health of athletes in various sports is inappropriate, so that athletes follow a downward trend with an increase in the incidence of various diseases of the oral cavity, performance during training and racing. Method: intense training has been identified as a harmful factor in the occurrence of a variety of oral diseases, including dental caries. Results: In this context, intense training plays a role as a negative factor in the development of dental caries in athletes by affecting various factors such as saliva PH and blood co2 in dental caries. Conclusion: In this regard, athletes need to be monitored by dentists, which seems to be effective in preventing the decline of athletes ' performance.  

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the Impact of COVID-19 Crisis on University Faculty Members' of Allameh Tabatabai University Physical Activity Levels. Methods: Data were collected using a researcher-made 21-item questionnaire that 284 people were considered as a sample and answered the online questionnaire. Results: The results of this study show that the faculty members of the university do not have intense and moderate activities. But the general knowledge about the benefits of exercising during the coronavirus period has increased. Other results of this study showed that university faculty members tend to participate in sports activities in post-corona conditions. Conclusion: In a general conclusion, The Covid-19 crisis has created inactivity among human societies. Technology is expanding rapidly and people's lifestyles are changing. Therefore, it is necessary to develop programs for physical activity and health of people.