درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Purpose: Unusual or intense exercise causes minor damage (microtrauma) to muscle fibers. It is thought that this damage is accompanied by the release of certain enzymes into the blood serum. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of resistance training and retraining on the enzymes creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, and aspartate aminotransferase in inactive young boys. Method: Twenty-four healthy inactive young boys volunteered for the present study and were randomly divided into two groups of 10. The exercise protocol consisted of five stations of biceps and shoulders with a barbell, squats, chest presses, and forearm presses. Each movement consisted of three sets of 12 repetitions. The exercise intensity was 75% of one repetition maximum. Serum levels of the enzymes creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, and aspartate aminotransferase were measured before the activity and at intervals of 1 and 48 hours thereafter. For data analysis, repeated measures analysis of variance and independent t-test were used at a significance level of p≥0.05. Results: The results of the present study showed that the levels of creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, and aspartate aminotransferase enzymes increased in both resistance training and resistance retraining groups compared to the pre-test at time intervals of 1, and 48. No differences were observed in serum levels of creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, and aspartate aminotransferase between the two groups during and after retraining (p>0.05). Conclusion: Retraining may not be a significant variable affecting recovery after muscle injury. However, more research is needed in this area.

Purpose: Vigorous physical exercise causes notable alterations in the circulatory system, affecting stress hormones and plasma proteins. Cortisol serves as a primary glucocorticoid hormone, while albumin, globulin, and hemoglobin function as important carrier proteins. However, how cortisol levels after exercise interact with these proteins is not well understood. This research aimed to explore the association between serum cortisol and the levels of albumin, globulin, and hemoglobin following a single session of intense aerobic exercise in young male runners. Method: Twelve healthy young male runners (average age 21.38 ± 0.95 years; VO₂max 50.81 ± 2.35 ml/kg/min) completed a 15-minute Balke treadmill test. Blood samples were collected before exercise, immediately after, and three hours post-exercise (recovery) to assess serum cortisol, albumin, globulin, and hemoglobin concentrations. Hematocrit measurements were used to adjust for changes in plasma volume. Statistical analysis involved one-way repeated measures ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc test and Pearson correlation. Results: Immediately after exercise, there were significant increases in cortisol (61.4%), albumin (7.5%), globulin (10.5%), and hemoglobin (10.5%) (p<0.05). After three hours of recovery, cortisol, albumin, and hemoglobin levels returned to baseline, whereas globulin remained significantly elevated (p<0.05). No significant correlations were detected between cortisol changes and any of the carrier proteins at any time point (p>0.05). Conclusion: A single session of intense aerobic exercise markedly raises serum cortisol and key carrier proteins in young runners. The absence of correlation between cortisol and these proteins suggests that their immediate post-exercise increases are likely driven by factors other than cortisol fluctuations, such as hemoconcentration and changes in hydrostatic pressure, rather than direct hormonal stimulation.

The purpose of this paper is to list and briefly discuss the top authors, organizations, universities, nations, publications, and journals in the topic of sports safety management. It also aims to provide the most linked patterns in terms of co-citation, co-authorship, keyword co-occurrence, temporal proximity, and substantial terms and concepts in the field of safety management based on content analysis. 214 pertinent international publications from journals around the world that were published between 1993 and 2023 were found in the Scopus citation database and comprised the statistical population for this study, which followed a systematic review process. In this study, software tools like Publish or Perish, Excel, Vosviewer, Rstudio, R and Maxqda 2020 were used to identify, quantify, and evaluate safety management elements in sports.The results showed that the United States has the most influence in this sector, with the University of Florida (USA) being the most significant university and organization. "Recreational Sports" is the most prominent journal in the field of safety and risk management. Konnaughton, D.P., and Spengler, Jo are the most significant authors in this discipline. Finally, a comprehensive and eight-dimensional model of safety management was created by merging the essential terms that were taken from the examination of the top 20 articles in this sector. In conclusion, it can be said that safety and risk management in sports can reduce sports-related dangers and boost safety standards, resulting in a significant advancement in athlete safety and a reduction in risks related to sports.

Today, sports diplomacy with different countries is one way to develop the sport at an international level. The current paper was conducted with the approach of improving the diplomacy of sports federations of Iran and Arab states of the Persian Gulf. The paper is qualitative, applied, and was carried out using Colaizzi's phenomenological methodology in 2022. Moreover, Participants in the research included individuals related to the subject. Furthermore, the sampling method was purposeful, and until the extraction of completely non-repeated strategies from the interviews; 21 interviews were conducted in a semi-structured manner. Factors affecting the improvement of the diplomacy of the sports federations of Iran and Arab states of the Persian Gulf consist of 75 primary strategies in the form of 11 main categories including: media content, behavioral norms, infrastructure development, management strategy, political dimensions, security dimensions, sports interactions, international solidarity, sports communication, national prestige, and educational experiences. Some of the solutions identified include benefitting from popular social networks such as Instagram to share common content with Arabic language sports pages, no provocative interviews by athletes and coaches, preventing spectators from chanting racist slogans, facilitating the entry conditions of Arab spectators in international sports competitions in Iran and mutual support of the sports federations in Iran and Arab states of the Persian Gulf to the sports representatives of the Middle East region in sports events at the world level.

The study aimed to examine the gender-adjusted impact of personality factors on the motivations of e-sports participants. Descriptive research was conducted using structural equation modeling. The sample consisted of 763 individuals (599 men and 164 women) selected through simple random sampling, with statistical power set at 80% and a significance level of 0.01. The research variables, including participation structure and personality traits, were measured using the NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) short-form questionnaire (Gassling et al., 2003) and the Motivational Participation Questionnaire` of Cianfrone et al. (2011). The findings supported all research hypotheses regarding the personality traits and motivations of e-sports players, even after adjusting for gender. The results indicated that brunerism, consensus, duty, psychology, and acceptance of experience were significant motivators for e-sports players, and the gender-adjusted analysis confirmed the research hypotheses in both male and female groups. Therefore, considering the personalities of e-sports players in sports marketing can enhance their engagement, as their motivations to participate are influenced by their traits.