درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the relationship between environmental knowledge and sport event organizers' support for sustainable management in sport. The present study is a descriptive-survey and field study. In order to collect data, a researcher-made questionnaire with 40 questions was used. The face and content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by a survey of professors related to the research topic. The construct validity was confirmed by confirmatory factor analysis of more than 0.3 and its reliability was confirmed byCronbach's alpha of 0.83. The statistical population of the study consisted of managers and organizers of sport events in ten provinces of the country with approximately 1000 peope. The sample size was 278 according to Morgan table, Due to the size, number and difficulty of access, the available sampling method was used to collect the samples and finally 254 questionnaires were returned. Data analysis was performed using SPSS-19 software. The results showed that the level of environmental awareness in the sample was in the range of 0 to 8 and the mean of the total sample was 3.55 with a standard deviation of 1.61. These results indicate a low level of awareness of environmental issues in the sample under study. In the present study, it seems that there is little awareness of environmental issues that may be effective in shaping people's attitudes toward the intention to support environmental issues in sporting events. Since human attitudes are driven by consciousness, it is therefore necessary to change attitudes by providing a context for raising awareness and enabling appropriate behavior. Therefore, determining the level of knowledge and attitude of individuals is the first step in determining and delivering educational programs.

Purpose: Low back pain is one of the most common health problems of the world. Very different causes can cause back pain. Approximately 85% of people who are examined for low back pain the cause is not specific. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of the knee abnormalities on pain intensity and functional fitness in middle aged men with the chronic nonspecific low back pain. Method: The statistical community of this study includes 30 people of patient’s male with nonspecific chronic low back pain in the age range of 30-50 years with one of the abnormalities of genu varum or genu valgum. Results: The research findings were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical methods (dependent t and independent t tests). The research findings indicate that both the pain and disability of the experimental groups have significantly decreased after applying selected of corrective programs (Stretching muscles and short elements and strengthening weakened muscles). Sitting frog, walking with the inner edges of the legs, pressure to enter the wall with the outer edges of the legs to modify the genu varum. passing legs from one side to another in the form of scissors in liner mode, passing the medicine ball to the wall with the inside of the legs, walking with the outer edges of the legs to modify the genu valgum (p<0.05). While the two variables in the control group did not differ significantly (p>0.05). Conclusions: According to the results and considering the conditions prevailing on the research samples, it can be concluded that knee abnormalities (genu varum and genu valgum) affected by pain intensity and functional fitness efficacy in nonspecific chronic low back pain patients and Corrective exercises of these abnormalities has had a significant effect on reduce pain and disability index.

Purpose: The purpose of this research was to identify specialized language needs of MA students in University of Mazandaran. Method: This study was mix method instruments which would deeply explore the perspectives of English for specific purpose teachers and students about task–based language needs of teaching ESP. Semi-structured interview was carried out with a number of teachers and students in the field of sport management. The statistical population of the stage includes some teachers and students in the field of sport management. The sampling method was Purposive sampling and Sampling continue until theoretical saturation. Three ESP teachers who have been teaching ESP to the students for at least four years participated in this study. They were all selected through purposive sampling. Also, MA and Ph.D. (twelve persons) students who had passed this course were selected in qualitative stage. In quantitative stage and based on the results of the first stage, the questionnaire was designed. This questionnaire was broadly distributed amongst students and teachers (33 persons) in the field of sport management. Descriptive and Inferential statistics, were used to analyze the demographic information of the participants and their responses. Results: The results of the study showed that the main real tasks which were most frequently used in the English sport management classes include Participating in daily conversations, giving lectures at conferences, Conversation with foreign experts, Understanding daily conversations. The method of working with and using English to English dictionary to take advantage of all the capabilities contained in it. Conclusions: The information obtained about the target tasks and their frequency can be employed when taking decisions about which tasks should be part of a curriculum.