درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Jihad as one of the central words of the Qur'an, meaning praiseworthy and condemned war and enduring hardship in the field of semantics has a close semantic relationship with the words "Qatl (murder), Harb (war), Jadal (dispute), Qalz (severity), Nafar (go forth), Sabr (patience)" in the form of synonyms. This semantic model, which considers the conceptual range of the word "Jihad" to consist of smaller components called syntagmatic semantic components, by analyzing the semantic components, expresses similarities and differences of the word Jihad with its synonymous terms. And it also plays a crucial role in explaining synonymy. Based on this vital point, the author in the present article tries to use this semantic hypothesis to examine the semantic coordinates of "Jihad" with words that have a possible synonymy; represents the semantic similarities and differences of each of them and explains the role of these elements in determining the specific situation and differentiating the context (Siyaq) and linguistic context of the mentioned words. Therefore, each context requires a combination of specific syntagmatic components that is the unit of word differentiation in different contexts. Hence, it is not possible to replace the word "Jihad" with words that have a relative synonymy; because this leads to a deviation from the intended meaning in "Jihad" and the terms that have a synonymy with Jihad.

In this paper, based on the verses of Quran and the traditions related to the supreme leader, it is about the supreme leader’s jurisdiction. This is important because the theory of supreme leader is one of the most important achievements of political thought driven from Shia school that is stemmed in the verses and cabbalas. The theory of supreme leader has a long history among jurists and amongst no one has been denied the supreme leader, but the jurisdiction of the supreme leader in occultation has been debated and it raised questions and doubts. Today, in this sense, the Islamic Republic of Iran on the basis of the theory of supreme leader has been led and establishing the principle of supreme leader in the constitution and the objectification on the community, it is of special significant to discuss the jurisdiction; hence, the analysis of the jurisdiction of the supreme leader is also a topic that can be investigated using verses and cabbalas. This paper, by explaining the Quran’ view and cabbalas on the authority of the supreme leader, investigates the issue.

Although cynicism is generally considered anti-religious, in fact, it is inseparable from the true faith of religion. There are two types of cynicism: the first one is being faithful and the second one is being atheistic. An epistemological and psychological study of faith have viewed the essential element of faith. True religious faith is the wisdom of restlessness. Cynicism is what energizes the faith. In this article with library method it is shown that faith expands with faith. Cynicism is neither offensive nor erroneous nor a guilt; rather it is a component of religious faith.