درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

The issue under women’s involvement or lack of involvement in political and social activities refers to one of the most controversial issues to which a large body of scientific efforts and discussions has allocated. One of these activities includes tenure of religious authority by women which is of great importance due to abundant outcomes. The present research intends to examine juridical exploration in women’s urban management contribution. This research has indicated using library study, descriptive-analytical method and data collection via note taking instruments that there is no convincing reason to disturb the tenure of religious authority by women, and as a result we perceive using evidence to attribute authority of women and/or the condition to not know gender in issuing fatwas that women like men can enjoy the urban management.

despite important role that has parties volition in the contract based on article 191, contract espousal will be achieve bused on advisable something that is under contract the important role that has silence in the contract may not be responsible but in practice has very legal effects for contract parties. Legal volition is formant from implication and adoption since silence is not, silence only can be symbolic adoption with possess qualification in the country low like American and England not taken in to account silence ancient proverb adhesion mark as a legal low, And only silence cannot obligatory implication.

Everyone acknowledges the fact that good management is one of the necessary and sufficient conditions for urban development programs. The theoretical pattern of urban governance that is in Endeavour to configure the best ways of urban management refers to a process that decisions and power enforcement take shape in it and is a place that the government, citizens and the private organizations interact with each other. Since the city of Tehran has different classes (affluent and poor), so it is expected that urban governance indicators be executed by the same way in the management of neighborhoods. In this respect, this paper examines the state of neighborhood management in three neighborhoods such as affluent (Velenjak), medium (Alestom), poor (Ismail Abad) neighborhoods in Tehran, to be good indicators of eight urban governance. The type of this research is descriptive- analytical and assessment and questioning tools from the group of experts. The sample size is equal to 60 questionnaires (three groups of 20 people in affluent, average and poor neighborhoods).the method of Sampling was also simple random sampling. The derived data were analyzed in SPSS software using MANOVA statistical tests, One-way ANOVA analysis within groups, post hoc LSD test and single-sample T-test. The results show that the factor of class is not affecting the good urban governance and we haven&rsquot found any significant difference among different classes of neighborhoods. The results also show that Alestom neighborhood in respect of good governance indicators is in rather medium condition, in the Velenjak neighborhood, participation, fairness and transparency indicators are low and the other indicators has been reported as moderate and, ultimately, in Ismail Abad neighborhood, all indicators except indicator of consensus (consensus) are low.

Many epidemiological studies have found that people living in environments with more green space report better physical and mental health than those with less green space. However, the association between visits to green space and mental health has seldom been studied. The environment surrounding residences and its recreational and commuting opportunities are believed to affect human health and well-being. Urban green spaces hold great potential for promoting an active life style that allows urban residents to achieve important health benefits. The type of urban green space that is most effective to reach the signals is still unclear. The objective was to systematically review the literature examining the relationship between quantity and quality of green spaces in the living environment and three health outcomes: perceived general health, perceived mental health, and (all-cause) mortality. This paper focuses on urban green space as one important type of urban open space and its relevance for human well-being. The result of research show further research should focus on exploring relationships between more detailed character-is tics of green space and more specific health outcomes in different population subgroups and in different countries. Quality of urban living and residents’ way of life involves a complex interrelationship between a wide variety of physical environments and social opportunities. These, in turn, determine residents’ physical and psychological needs. Due to unhealthy lifestyle, health promotion has become a prime concern in Malaysia because of the increase in life threatening illnesses. A proper green space planning is needed so that it facilitates urban residents with spaces for recreation, social and leisure activities. Unfortunately, Malaysia has not yet achieved a satisfactory degree of green space design and development to facilitate residents with a healthy environment. There are few restrictions on accessing and having contact with the urban green space due to planning and design issues.

Threats are one of the most fundamental problems of our modern societies that daily will affect citizens in urban spaces. This becomes more problematic when the people in their everyday living spaces encounter with behaviors that cause lack of security and should have been feel comfort and their families used these spaces freely. This causes many problems for citizens. In today cities because of the increasing growth in construction of residential complexes and high population density in a little area comfort ​​ with more problems and security is more important. So providing security in outdoor and semi-outdoor spaces of residential complexes is not exact scope and is very important. In this study using the analytical-descriptive method and library studies, the factors influencing the security of residential complexes in the form of a conceptual model investigated.