درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

At present, environmental crises caused by irresponsible agricultural activities are known to increase environmental vulnerability around the world. So, it is important to know how people think about the environment, what they know, and how concerned they are with nature and the environment. This survey research was aimed at understanding the pro-environmental behavior and its influencing factors among the apple orchardists of the Dena Kooh area of Semirom County. The population consists of 4019 horticultural producers in 28 villages in the Dena Kooh district, and the sample size was determined by random cluster sampling regarding the economic status of villages in two rich and poor clusters. 320 interviews were carried out with all sample members.  The data collection instrument was a structured questionnaire, and its face validity was confirmed by Yasouj University faculty members. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient was calculated between 0.61 and 0.92, indicating acceptable reliability of the measures. The results showed that the average environmental behavior of the orchardists is at a poor level. A comparison of the average current and past environmental behavior of orchardists showed that their pro-environmental behavior has developed. The results of hierarchical regression showed that knowledge, responsibility, socio-cultural norms, values and emotions, external commitment, and past behavior accounted for 69% of the variance in orchardists’ environmental behavior in the economically rich cluster. The results of hierarchical regression in the economically poor cluster showed that emotions, knowledge, responsibility, socio-cultural norms, external commitment, and past behavior accounted for 75% of the variance in orchardists' environmental behavior. The current research can benefit policymakers, researchers, and farmers in determining pro-environmental practices, considering the viewpoints of farmers. However, various issues identified in this study have implications for future research and for other crops under different farming systems

The constant economic inflation worries our society, especially our government, as the citizens pressured them. Not to mention how the price influx in the market causes employers to find alternative routes to keep their business alive. Throughout the century, the effect of the free-market economy has been debated. Free market systems build on the principle of no intervention from the government. Will zero government help the market economy, and will the concept of freedom in the free market give justice to the employer and employee? Through doctrinal research, this paper aims to study the relationship between the free market and the employment contract based on social justice theory. As a result, this paper tracked down primary and secondary sources from journal archives and online databases related to employment contracts. International philosophers and judicial views also examined Malaysian legal perspectives on social justice and employment contracts. This paper uses empirical research to discuss the effects of the market system on social justice in employment contracts. The main findings are the following: (1) a free-market system is a system that enables a firm to market its products in a way that does not interfere with one's economic freedom; (2) the exploitation of cheap labor has become one of the main strategies for businesses to maximize advantages; (3) the vulnerability of workers from economic theory demands employers to pay decent wages in exchange for labor demand; and (4) the social injustice issues that have arisen due to this liberalization