درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

در این مقاله به بعضی از اصطلاحات کاربردشناسی که خاص زبان انگلیسی محاوره ای هستند، معادل های آن ها در زبان- های دیگر و استفاده ی آن ها در زبان دوم اشاره شده است. در این مقاله خواهیم دید که این اصطلاحات یا به عبارت دیگر بسط دهنده های زبانی (مانند چیزی) با بیان گرهای کلامی تفاوت دارند. این تفاوت در شکل، عملکرد و تقسیم این بسط-دهنده ها در انواع انگلیسی ها و زبان های دیگر نیز مشهود است. در بافت زبان دوم، به این نتیجه می رسیم که فراگیرانِ زبان دوم هم از اصطلاحات کاربردی کمتر و هم از محدوده کمتری از اصطلاحات قابل تصور استفاده می کنند. به علاوه، فراگیران زبان دوم از اصطلاحاتی که بیشتر با زبان نوشتار و مکالمه رسمی مرتبط است (مانندand so on ) مانند معادل- های رسمی ترجمه شده از زبان اول که در انگلیسی استفاده نمی شوند (مانند and, and, and)، یا در بافت های محدودی استفاده می شوند (مانند or so) بیشتر استفاده کرده و اغلب درک نمی کنند که بعضی از این اصطلاحات ممکن است بار منفی داشته باشند (مانند and blah, blah, blah). در این مقاله، همچنین به بحث در مورد امکان ایجاد آگاهی کاربردشناسانه ی بهتر در میان فراگیران زبان دوم با تمرکز بین زبانی واضح بر شکل و عملکرد اصطلاحات مربوط به کاربردِ زبان نیز پرداخته شده است.

This study aimed to explore the relationships between foreign language learners’ self-identity changes, motivation types, and Foreign Language proficiency associated with learning English in private language schools in Iranian context. Based on a stratified sampling, 204 English as a foreign language learners from three language schools in Tehran were selected to participate in the study. The instruments were a 30-item Likert-scale questionnaire on motivation types in seven categories: intrinsic interest, immediate achievement, learning situation, going aboard, social responsibility, individual development, and information medium; a 24-item Likert-scale questionnaire on self-identity changes in six categories: self-confidence change, additive change, subtractive change, productive change, split change, and zero change. Results revealed that self-confidence change was the prominent change common among foreign language learners. Canonical correlation analysis revealed that motivation types and self-identity changes were related through three pairs of canonical variables: intrinsic orientations related with personal identity changes, instrumental orientations related with cultural changes, and instrumental orientations related learners’ self-confidence change. Theoretical and pedagogical implications for foreign language learning and teaching are also discussed.

Teacher questions are claimed to be constitutive of classroom interaction because of their crucial role both in the construction of knowledge and the organization of classroom proceedings (Dalton Puffer, 2007). Most of previous research on teachers’ questions mainly focused on identifying and discovering different question types believed to be helpful in creating the opportunities for learners’ interactions. Drawing on conversation analysis through adopting socio-cultural perspective, this study, however, aims to examine how EFL teachers manage understanding-check questions in their talk-in-interaction. For this purpose, six EFL teachers’ discursive classroom practices were observed, video-recorded, and transcribed line-by-line in its entirety. Through the microanalysis of the transcribed data, our findings suggest that EFL teachers vary in their management of understanding-check questions and the teachers’ understanding-check questions tend to serve different functions in the different micro-contexts identified. Three major sequential environments emerged to feature understanding-check questions in this study: Activity-boundary environment, post-instruction environment and within-activity environment. The findings of the study indicate that understanding-check questions at activity boundary environment are designed to accomplish dual functions, however those launched in post-instruction and within-activity environments maintain a singular focus on ensuring absolute understanding of the just-given explanation or instruction.

Although Gardner and his associates’ work was most influential in the field of L2 motivation, from the early 1990s onwards, their work has been criticized for several reasons. Some researchers claimed that integrative and instrumental orientations were no longer able to convey the complexity of the L2 motivation construct. To examine this complexity, the present study attempted to investigate the discursive construction of four (two males and two females) Iranian EFL learners’ motivation at Shiraz University, Iran. Employing van Leeuwen’s (2008) legitimation construction framework, the study revealed that depending on their future selves, each participant employed certain discursive strategies unique to him/her to (de)legitimize his/her future self. Therefore, what was observed was the use of strategies which were idiosyncratic to that particular person, in that particular context, for a specific purpose, and for that particular moment. Additionally, given the unique political conditions of Iran in the world, it was found that integrative and instrumental orientations can be best replaced by ideal and ought-to selves in this context. The study has some implications. Motivation researchers need to broaden the unit of analysis beyond the individual learner to the interaction between the individual and the multitude of factors in diverse social settings.

One of the major criticisms leveled at task-based language teaching (TBLT), despite its countless merits, is developing fluency at the cost of accuracy. The post-task stage affords a number of options to counteract this downside through task repetition and task recycling. These two options are considered to positively affect learners' oral performance in terms of fluency, accuracy, and complexity (CAF). The purpose of the present study is to compare the relative effect of task repetition and task recycling on Iranian EFL (English as a foreign language) learners’ oral performance in terms of CAF. To this end, eight intermediate EFL learners, randomly selected from 30 students in two classes of 15, took part in this study. The participants in both task repetition and task recycling groups were assigned to perform a total of eight tasks. Four of these tasks were identical in both groups. Each session included one task plus its second performance, namely repetition for the first group and recycling for the second. Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test was used to statistically analyze the recorded data of learners' performances on all eight occasions in terms of CAF. The results revealed a significant effect of task repetition on all three measures of performance while task recycling did not prove to have a significant effect except for fluency. On the level of between-group differences, task repetition was found to be dominant outweighing task recycling in all three measures of oral performance. Task repetition is hence advised to be incorporated in teaching English, particularly in EFL contexts as a viable tool to hone learners’ oral performance on CAF.

هدف از این پژوهش بررسی چگونگی استفاده از راهبردهای ارتباطی توسط معلمان زبان انگلیسی در میان کنش­های کلامی می­باشد. اگرچه درباره راهبردهای ارتباطی تحقیقات فراوانی صورت پذیرفته است، اما در خصوص رابطه بین این راهبردها و فضای سیال کلاس و نیز چگونگی بکارگیری راهبردهای ارتباطی در میان کنش­های کلامی معلمان تحقیقات چندانی صورت نپذیرفته است. با توجه به این نکات، میان کنش­های کلامی سه کلاس از هر یک از پنج معلم شرکت کننده در این تحقیق ضبط و مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. بررسی داده­ها با استفاده از رویکرد کیفی نشان داد که راهبردهای ارتباطی در تعاملات بین معلمان و زبان آموزان حضور فراوان توام با کاربردهای متفاوت داشته و در نتیجه این مفهوم فقط محدود به گفتار زبان آموزان نمی­شود. بعلاوه، نتایج این تحقیق نشان می­دهد که توجه و پرورش این مهارت، در برقراری ارتباط موثر از اهمیت فراوانی برخوردار است.