درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Purpose: Mentoring creates a competitive advantage for the organization in compared to the competing organizations. As a result, the aim of this study was identifying the dimensions of mentoring for school principals of Tehran province. Methodology: This study in terms of purpose was applied and in terms of implementation method was qualitative from type of synthesis research and content analysis. The research population was articles related to mentoring in domestic and foreign valid databases in the 2000 to 2023 years and academic experts and officials with experience in education of Tehran province in the 2021-2022 academic year, which number of 18 articles and 17 experts and officials of education according to the principle of theoretical saturation were selected as a sample with the purposive sampling method. Data were collected by taking notes from articles and semi-structured interviews with academic experts and education officials and were analyzed by using thematic analysis method in MAXQDA-V12 analysis software. Findings: The findings showed that based on the review of articles and interviews with experts and officials, mentoring for school principals of Tehran province had 81 sub-themes in 16 main themes of knowledge, attitude, skill, participation-oriented, focus, organization, support, educational leadership, educational communication, development of inherent skills, development of communication skills, development of technical skills, development of environmental skills, innovative performance, competitive performance and educational performance. Finally, a themes network of mentoring for school principals of Tehran province was drawn. Conclusion: According to the findings of this study, can be taken an effective step in order to implement the school principals mentoring of Tehran province through the realization of the identified sub-themes and main themes.

Purpose: Marketing communications allow companies to link their brands to other people, places, events, brands, experiences, feelings, and things. They can contribute to brand equity—by establishing the brand in memory and creating a brand image—as well as drive sales and even affect shareholder value. Methodology: This study aimed to investigate the integrated approach of marketing communications and its impact on tourism marketing in Soleimani Governorate. For the current study, an analytical descriptive technique employed to match the nature and circumstances of gathering reliable academic descriptions of the phenomenon's status quo while making initial assumptions.The sample size used for the study was 252 employees from the population selected at tourism organizations.The researcher used a range of statistical methods using the SPSS program and Amos Program in order to analysis data.The study showed that integrated marketing communications have become one of the most important factors on which various tourism companies rely to attract tourists, in line with the development in the surrounding environment, the aspirations of tourists and changes in the ways they deal with tourism programs.Integrated Marketing Communications is the link between tourism institutions and their target audience of tourists. Where the tourism activity is based on the role of integrated marketing communications in introducing tourists to the tourism potentials and potentials that the region enjoys. Findings: The results showed that there are no significant statistically differences among the researched organizations towards the study variable according to the difference in all their personal characteristics: gender, age, academic qualification, and years of experience. Conclusion: The results of the statistical analysis of the field side showed that more than half of the respondents in the surveyed tourism companies in the city of Sulaymaniyah in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq are males compared to females.

This article reviews the legal framework governing the protection of critical infrastructure in Africa with an emphasis on threats like cyberwar and cyberterrorism. As African governments and businesses increasingly depend on the internet and information systems, there is a need to enact appropriate laws to protect critical infrastructure from cyberattacks that could jeopardize the economic and national security postures of African countries. The article outlines the need for appropriate legal instruments to protect critical infrastructure as African businesses increasingly rely on the internet and information systems. The lack of adequate laws regulating critical infrastructure does not translate to the absence of critical infrastructure in African countries. Ghana, for instance, has a legal framework governing critical infrastructure. These infrastructures are common in most African countries but lack the required legal framework to protect them. It is important to note that despite the Budapest Convention and African Convention on Cybersecurity and Personal Data Protection, there is no international legal framework regulating cyberwar and cyberterrorism. Considering these factors, this article reviews Ghana's Cybersecurity Act and the Directive on Critical Information Infrastructure and uses the United States framework for comparative analysis. In addition to reviewing the types of attacks critical infrastructure could face, the article looks at the legal framework for managing incidents that could arise from cyberattacks targeting critical infrastructure.