درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

The application of the gender approach to the holy books has expanded with the rise of feminism in the modern era. The study and extraction of the gender discourses that dominate these books can help in the reconstruction and understanding of relevant historical features. Comparing the gender approach of these books can also introduce us to paradigm shifts in different historical periods. For this purpose, firstly, we have shown in this study that the Qurʾan employs a moderate, complex and hybrid form of all three feminine, masculine and egalitarian discourses.<br />Secondly, the linguistic/narrative approach to the pre-Qurʾanic scriptures and its comparison with the Qurʾanic approach shows the extent of the masculine and sometimes misogynistic approach of these books. A review of some post-Qurʾanic exegesis and hadith books also shows that their gender discourse is more compatible with the masculine approach of pre-Qurʾanic books than the moderate Qurʾanic approach. Due to the large number of sources required for this research, only the gender discourse in the creation story was chosen as a case study.

Sustainability has been recognized as one of the greatest challenges facing social systems in the 21st century. Social systems should have the knowledge and the power to lead this transition and to induce the changes towards this new paradigm. In this regard, it is of crucial importance to achieve a correct and comprehensive understanding of the concept of sustainability and its key components. Although some successful studies have been reported, there is a lack of a local framework for investigating the sustainability of social systems in the context of the Islamic approach, as well as the use of a mixed methods approach to support an integrated and holistic conceptualization and implementation of sustainability. This paper aims to develop a conceptual framework for the sustainability of social systems based on the Holy Qur’an and assess its validation in universities, which was conducted in two studies, respectively. In the first study, after extracting the key themes from the Qur’an, the relationship between them was shown in the proposed framework consisting of foundations, principles, factors, and dimensions of sustainability. Then, in the second study, the cross-validation method was used. In this section, confirmatory factor analysis was carried out (N=61) to evaluate the fit, reliability, and validity of the framework. Further, concurrently percentage agreement coefficient of semi-structured interviews (N=10) was used to analyze the internal validity of the framework. The results of both quantitative and qualitative studies confirmed the fit, reliability, and validity of the framework. The present research contributes to this literature by presenting a local framework for the concept of sustainability of social systems based on the Qur’an, in a holistic and inclusive perspective, using a mixed methods approach. This study can be a useful and effective initiator for studies and theoretical extensions in conceptualizing sustainability based on Qur’anic teachings, and also pave the way for the application of this knowledge in the functional-practical areas of social systems in Islamic societies.

This study delves into the concept of consciousness in the Qur'an, comparing it with cognitive science. While cognitive science views consciousness as a function of the brain, the Qur'an employs various terms such as soul (al-<em>nafs</em>), heart (<em>al-qalb</em>, <em>al-ṣadr</em> and <em>al-af</em><em>ʾidah</em>), hearing (<em>al-samʿ</em>), sight (<em>al-baṣar</em>), etc. to describe tools of consciousness. In order to explore the Qur'anic perspective on consciousness and its compatibility with cognitive science, an in-depth analysis of relevant areas pertaining to human consciousness, as well as the capacities of the heart and brain, is essential. Employing an analytical-comparative method with an extra-religious perspective, we extract cognitive terminology associated with consciousness from the Qur'an. By employing graph-based tools to create and analyze a conceptual map of these terms, we find that soul, heart, hearing, and sight emerge as crucial tools for generating consciousness. Of these, the Qur'an highlights the human soul as the primary tool for acquiring and processing consciousness, distinct from the spirit (<em>al-rūḥ</em>). This soul is balanced in such a way that it can collaborate with the body and brain of the human to achieve consciousness.

زمان و زمان شناسی از مفاهیم کلیدی فرهنگ وحیانی است. سوره عصر یکی از سوره های مکی است که برنامه سعادتمندی و به زیستی انسان را در کوتاه ترین تعبیر بیان کرده و با سوگند به زمان، آغاز شده است. این سوره در جواب سوگند، به طور صریح و قطعی از خسران همه انسان ها به جز استثنا ها سخن گفته است. بحث از «خسر» و «خسران»، از دانایی حوزه معنایی تجارت است؛ به همین سبب، بازشناسی رابطه تجارت و زمان و از دست دادن اصل سرمایه با محوریت فرهنگ نزول اهمیت دارد. بر این اساس، پژوهش حاضر با ابزار گردآوری اسنادی - کتابخانه ای و روش توصیفی تحلیلی و سطح تحلیلِ تحلیل محتوا و رویکرد انسان شناسی تاریخی و فرهنگی، به دنبال پاسخ به این سؤالات است: پیش زمینه و دانایی سازمان دهنده وجه شبه استعاره تاجر از مؤمن متناظر با انسان شناسی تاریخی - فرهنگی مکه چیست؟ رابطه مؤمن با تاجر در پرتو انسان شناسی تاریخی -فرهنگی چگونه به ساخت استعاره کمک کرده است؟ یافته های پژوهش حاکی از آن است که با انسان شناسی تاریخی و فرهنگی، فهم عمیق تری از مفاهیم سوره عصر به دست می آید. خداوند متناسب با فرهنگ آن زمانی، مؤمن را به تاجر تشبیه می کند و عمر مؤمن را کالای او می داند. وجه شبه این تشبیه کل، دانایی و گفتمان فرهنگ تجارت آن زمانی است؛ به طوری که حتی ماده فعلی «شری» به معنای خریدوفروش نابرابر و کاربست آن برای مفهوم شهادت در قرآن، بیان کننده گفتمان فرهنگی است. توصیه به «صبر» متناسب با زمان شناسی سفرهای تجاری تابستانه و زمستانه و توصیه به «حق» متناسب با مکان شناسی یمن و شام یک طرف تشبیه برای استعاره تاجر از مؤمن است.