درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

One of the remarkable aspects of the holy Qur’an is the use of diverse linguistic methods to convey a particular idea. This study aims to evaluate the commissive act in the Qur’an using Searle's speech act theory, a theory useful in comprehending deeper semantic levels of holy scriptures. The study used a descriptive-analytical method, and the data were analyzed through a qualitative analysis of statistical results to answer the following questions: What linguistic forms does the Qur’an use to represent commissive speech acts? And what themes or topics are included in these commissive speech acts' utterances? First, employing a desk research approach, the Qur’anic verses containing the commissive speech acts were selected based on syntactic, lexical, and semantic criteria. The distinguishing characteristics of each case were then identified, including the discursive structure of the act, the committed person, and the theme of the commitment. Finally, the relationship between the linguistic form and the theme of the speech acts was examined. The findings reveal that the Qur’an expresses commissive speech acts through four linguistic structures: oath, promise (al-wa‘d), threat (al-wa‘īd), and pledge; each includes divine and non-divine conceptions, and each has a unique characteristic. The quantitative comparison of these four shows that “promise” is the most commonly cited sub-speech act, distinguishing it from other linguistic forms. “Threat”, “oath”, and “pledge” are the other most frequently cited sub-speech acts. Moreover, the evaluation of the speech agents and their status as aspects of the situational context reveals that the speech participants are not equal in terms of position and power, which is a decisive factor in the selection of linguistic forms. In all of these cases, the language structures and their intricacies, particularly modality (modal marking), illustrate the relationship between the linguistics style and power dynamics between the participants. The focus of the themes, domain, and frequency differ throughout the four categories mentioned above, with some overlap in certain instances.

The Holy Qur'an is a complete and comprehensive heavenly book from God Almighty, which has been given the attention and reflection of thinkers and scholars of the Qur'an with the aim of meeting the needs of mankind in every age. The purpose of the present research is to answer the question of the feasibility of entering the Qur'an in the field of science and its quality. The research method is analytical-descriptive and with a view on the practical interaction of the Qur’an with other sciences. One of the innovations of the research is a special look at the amount of Qur’anic teachings entering different fields of science. The results of the research estimates show that this interaction is an obvious matter in theoretical sciences such as: jurisprudence, principles of jurisprudence, literature, history, economics, physics and in the field of experimental sciences such as: agricultural and animal husbandry sciences, natural resources and environment, zoology, botany and Chemistry, as a stream-creating matter, a pattern and a guiding line in the direction of the perfection of science and, accordingly, in the direction of the happiness of human beings.  

Proving the miraculous nature of the Qur’an as one of the methods to believe in the Qur’an as a divine text has always attracted the attention of the researchers of the Qur’an; nevertheless, the published efforts on this subject are facing numerous methodological challenges. This research attempts to introduce a new and original method exempt from the challenges of the present methods by utilizing some of the techniques in mathematical sciences, logic and statistics. This scientific case-based method rates the effective parameters in the recognition of scientific miracle for one case. Accordingly, it will calculate the certainty of each case and proceeds to combine the ratings of various cases of scientific miracle to calculate the degree of certainty of the divine nature of the book based on those results. In combining the ratings, a threshold will be determined based on human belief behavior. An advantage of this method is that it is extra-religious, data driven, quantitative, applicable to all texts, and generalizable to the entire content. 

In theological debates about the creation of human and the theory of evolution, “the theory of creation” means the creation of human at once by the creator of the universe, and “the theory of evolution” means the natural, normal, and gradual creation of human in the evolutionary cycle of life. The question is whether the Qur’an also views human creation as contradictory to his natural and evolutionary genesis. This study shows that the Qur’anic concepts of creation (khalq) and selection (iṣṭifāʾ) based on the contextual analysis of these vocabularies allow for an evolutionary reading of human creation. Creation means the emergence of phenomena in a natural, time-consuming, step-by-step process with the interference of natural laws supported by God’s command. The meaning of the presence of divine command in all stages of creation is the consciousness of all the objects and their components which is effective in the process of creating an organ along with other factors. Also, the concept of selection of Adam suggests that Adam was chosen among his contemporaries as the first modern human being because of his physical and mental superiority, and his creation was not at once, unnatural and unrelated to previous generations. 

The existence of several causes of revelation for the first verses of Surat al-ʿAnkabūt and verse 60 of this surah, and talking about hypocrisy and migration (Hijrat) in this surah have caused some commentators to believe in the discrete revelation of it. While the multiplicity of causes of revelations about a verse leads to them becoming distrustful and invalid. Proposed reasons for rejecting these causes of revelations are: their multiplicity on a fixed subject, the existence of conflicting narrations, the anxiety in the mentioned narrations, having additional sections in some narrations compared to others, lack of coordination of cause of revelations in assigning the cause of the revelations to a specific verse or specific person, the existence of some causes of revelations of the excluded verses that shows they are Makki in opposition to the Quran and syntactic reasons based on the connection and coherence of the excluded verses with previous and subsequent verses. In this research, through descriptive-analytical method the causes of the excluded verses of Surat al-ʿAnkabūt have been criticized and the reasons of those who believe in exceptions have been rejected.