Quran and Religious Enlightenment (قرآن و روشنگری دینی)

process of correcting and editing the verses of the Qur'an has been done by the Prophet under the title of abrogation, which requires distortion of the Qur'an. The Sunnis have documented this view of Orientalists. In this research, which has been written with a descriptive-analytical approach, while reviewing the views of orientalists such as Blasher and others about abrogation, the views of Shiite and Sunni commentators have been expressed and it has been proved that contrary to orientalists, abrogation means modification or change of ruling. It is not an edition, but as the great Shiite scholars and scholars have said, it means the end of the time of ruling and expediency, and it applies only to a few verses. In addition, according to Shiite scholars and Sunni scholars, the recitation of the Qur'an is not correct and is not in the Qur'an because it requires the distortion of the Qur'an.d

There is a difference of opinion among Quranic interpreters In interpreting verse “Qāla Rabbi ʾArinī ʾUnẓur Ilayk Qāla Lan Tarānī”(Q.7:143)[1] regarding the belief of Prophet Moses (pbuh) concerning the possibility or impossibility of seeing God at the time of saying this and they are divided into two categories. The first group believes that this verse shows that Prophet Moses (pbuh) in his words, considered it possible to see God, which is divided into five sets, each of them with their own reason. The second group of commentators, believe that Prophet Moses (pbuh) considered it impossible to see God and is divided into four sets according to their reasons. This study, by examining the opinions and reasons of the commentators and relying on the relationship between the verses and the words of this verse, will show that the request to see God from Prophet Moses (pbuh) knowing its impossibility, and only out of enthusiasm of hearing the word of God, was just for more love.

The existence of several causes of revelation for the first verses of Surat al-ʿAnkabūt and verse 60 of this surah, and talking about hypocrisy and migration (Hijrat) in this surah have caused some commentators to believe in the discrete revelation of it. While the multiplicity of causes of revelations about a verse leads to them becoming distrustful and invalid. Proposed reasons for rejecting these causes of revelations are: their multiplicity on a fixed subject, the existence of conflicting narrations, the anxiety in the mentioned narrations, having additional sections in some narrations compared to others, lack of coordination of cause of revelations in assigning the cause of the revelations to a specific verse or specific person, the existence of some causes of revelations of the excluded verses that shows they are Makki in opposition to the Quran and syntactic reasons based on the connection and coherence of the excluded verses with previous and subsequent verses. In this research, through descriptive-analytical method the causes of the excluded verses of Surat al-ʿAnkabūt have been criticized and the reasons of those who believe in exceptions have been rejected.

The obligation of khums, which is understood from verse 41 of Surah Anfal, is a difference of opinion among the scholars of the two sects in some aspects, such as the meaning and scope of the word booty, from the branches of Islam and the common denominator of all Muslims. Shiite scholars, citing the absoluteness of the word booty and emphatic words and the word "I am the object" in the verses and hadiths of the Infallibles (peace be upon them), call booty any benefit that man obtains. The Sunni scholars also, since there is no restriction in its original meaning and by quoting the word "I am an object" and the narrations of the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him), have interpreted the word booty in everything that a person obtains. But for customary reasons they consider it bound to spoils of war, because the narrations of the Prophet (peace be upon him) which stated only the division of spoils, never indicate the monopoly of khums on spoils of war and the interpretation of spoils to spoils of war by the followers. Most are the result of their ijtihad.This article tries to study the word "booty" from the perspective of Shiite and Sunni scholars by using the library and analytical-descriptive method in order to reveal the reasons for the scholars' disagreement.

Ibn Abbas is one of the most famous exegete companions known as the grandmaster of the Meccan school of interpretation. His prominent position is due to the large number of interpretive narrations quoted from him. Numerous works in the interpretation of the Qur'an are attributed to him, among which some works are more famous due to the possibility of his own writing or direct quotation from him or their important contents. One of the famous exegetical works attributed to Ibn Abbas is called “Tanwīr al-Miqbās.” According to the content evaluation, the authenticity of the attribution of this work to Ibn Abbas cannot be accepted; The most important reasons in terms of content are as follows: problems in the number of words and letters of some surahs, the existence of words indicating quotations from other companions and followers, the existence of later terms and the existence of late sectarian and theological evidence. Similarly, both documentary

In this article, the nature and fundamentals of the theory of "three-layer interpretation of the "Holy Quran" have been studied.First, the theory is defined and comprised three layers: historical, transhistorical and modern.The historical layer has been considered as the understanding of the verses of the Qur'an by Arabs of Hejaz during the holy Prophet (PBUH). To identify such an understanding, one must refer to the promises of those people, the most important of which are the appearance and context of the verses, similar verses, the personality of the Qur'an, the events of that era, the culture and history of those people and the covenants. The transhistorical layer is considered to be an epistemology that is accepted among all human races, achieved by abolishing the temporal-spatial features of the revelation of the Qur'an.The modern layer is the adaptation of the issues, needs and requirements of the present to the same common human knowledge.Some of the most important principles of this theory, which are discussed in this article, : being customary, spoken, gradual, historical ,marginalized on one hand, and the evolution of ethnic requirements, the necessity to resolve the apparent conflict between the Qur'an and science and modernity on the other hand.

Verse 69 / Zumar refers to the word "Ashraqat" and the radiance of the feeling of God's presence on the Day of Resurrection and likens it to the rising of the sun from the east of the earth and its illumination with this light. The commentators of the sects have expressed different views on it, including, "removing the veils, establishing the truth and proof, justice, illuminating the earth with the light of the believer's face, the resurrection of the Imam, the light of God, etc." The beginning and the end of the verse are accompanied by the proof of justice and the denial of oppression. Different classes of commentators, narrators, theologians, philosophers, and mystics have contented themselves with the interpretation of a verse, or interpretation, and some with the literal meaning of the phrase, but have not reached a single statement about it. However, the mentioned verse is one of the verses with different readings, or one of the verses that the commentators of the two sects have looked at from a special angle and view; Is not. The revelation of the monopoly of God's lordship over all human beings, for which there is evidence and none of the commentators have expressed this view, as well as the removal of the veils and veils and the revelation of the truths of things in the resurrection which some commentators have chosen.

One of the important issues in enjoying Quranic verses, is the fact that which instruments can be used to understand Quran better and which obstacles should be removed to achieve this goal without any mistakes.Imam Khomeini and Professor Tabatabaee who are among the greatest thinkers and philosophers of Shi’a world believed that comprehension of Quran has outstanding significance .Thus, in this study, aiming at defining instruments and obstacles of comprehension of Quran , the viewpoints of the mentioned remarkable thinkers were discussed and finally the research led to the point that both Quran interpreters attempted to define related effective tools and indicated the obstacles on the way. The mentioned tools instruments can be categorized into two groups:Intercontextual and out_of_ context: some of the most important tools are as follows: paying attention to Arabic syntax and morphology compotability of verses, conceptual and structural coherence (regarding similar and definite verses),unique goal of the whole Surah. Enjoying virtue and inner purification, reflection and meditation in Quran, attention to interpretations and acquaintance with holy Quran

In the twentieth century language has become the most important philosophical issue. In the field of religious studies, one of the important issues is the issue of language too, and the language of religion and the way of understanding religious texts have become an important concern for religious scholars. The question that what is the nature of language used by God Almighty for expressing his meaning and purpose, is one of the most important issues in religious language controversies. As God in religious texts, including in the Holy Qur'an, has established a text-based communication with humans, does the Holy Quran, before responding to other human needs that are essential to his salvation, address this fundamental question about the nature of the language that has been used in this text-based communication? The importance of this question is that the methodology provides an understanding of the Qur'an. In this research, the author tries to provide a positive response to the fundamental question, expressing that the language of the Quran is a pragmatic language. In this regard, in order to defend the pragmatic language of the Qur'an, the author first describes the characteristics of the language suitable for the Qur'an and then shows that the pragmatic language has the features of the proper language for the Qur'an and is used in the Qur'an. The result of this study is that the language of the Qur'an is an existential and natural language.

According to rhetoricians, metaphor is more eloquent than other expressive tricks and techniques such as simile and metaphor.Because in metaphor, simile is forgotten and is claimed to be vihicle same tenor. European speakers have considered it the queen of virtual similes and the main form of permission. Exaggeration in simile and illustration and creating an important purpose of any metaphor.Thus metaphor is at the highest level of rhetoric.In the present article, which is provided by a descriptive-analytical method, a corner of the functions of metaphor in explaining and depicting the resurrection and its circumstances was shown.This article seeks to answer the question of whether metaphor is useful in explaining the verses related to the resurrection.Based on the findings of this study,the God has used metaphor for purposes such as visualization in order to guide human and to better explain and influence the word on hearts.Among these, the use of submerged metaphor and allegory is more.

According to the Bible, Christ was the savior of Abraham's descendants from homelessness and their enjoyment of the land of nectar and lion, and this originated from the historical and cultural conditions of their lives. The descendants of Abraham always waited for such a person, and in every age they applied Christ to someone who they thought was their savior, of whom Jesus was one. It was in this historical and cultural context that Prophet Muhammad declared, I am the promised person of Torah and Bible that will appear at the end of time and make the righteous inherit the land of nectar and milk. It was based on this apocalyptic idea that he considered himself the Khātam al-Anbiyāʼ. All the Abrahamic prophets, including Jesus and Muhammad, were evangelicals; that is, they preached the good news of inheriting such a land. The Bible was nothing but the gospel to such a land. However, in Jewish culture, such a land was introduced worldly and earthly. But in Christian culture it has more of an afterlife and heavenly aspect, and in Islamic culture it has more of a worldly aspect like Jewish culture. Accordingly, the Qur'anic resurrection is described as physical.

From past to present, there have been many differences among Islamic thinkers about the quiddity of Mutashābih and its Ta’wīl in the Qur'an. Each of these thinkers has spoken on this subject according to their profession and method. In the meantime, the view of "Shari’at Sanglaji" is remarkable. Sanglaji, who is known for his modern thinking and inclination towards the Qur'an-sufficiency, believes that Qur'anic similarities mean the end of the matter and include only occult concepts. The general public is unable to comprehend similarities due to its preoccupation with tangibility. Leading research with a descriptive-analytical method tries to discuss some aspects of Sanglaji’s theory while accurately reporting his point of view. The result of the research shows that Sanglaji’s view does not have the necessary accuracy and credibility, because Mutashābih i.e. the similarity does not only include occult concepts but also material concepts. The result of this research is used in the field of Qur’anic research and interpretation.