درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Cities are prominent signs of civilization in every nation. The signs, old symbol of ideas, customs, relationships and interactions of people have played a role in the formation of cities and intertwined a set of environmental, geographic, climatic, traditional and religion combination. Historic cities in Iran are the most valuable cultural heritage that expresses the dynamism, vitality and symbol of urban life. Iconic  architecture  promotes the  identification  of  a  place,  city  or  area.  Structural, functional  and  artistic  aspects  of  architecture,  particularly  those  that  represent  unique features, attract tourists. Architectural and urbanity of ancient Iran have always attracted tourists throughout the world. These features include principles that have been manifested in the heart of the tradition. In recent decades, due to unbalanced expansion of cities and discontinuity of spatial organization, and arrival of new technologies, globalization and the space density, traditional city is far from its truth and it has created challenges for traditional urbanism and modern urbanism. Therefore, the main content of this paper includes and analyzes the commercial buildings in Tabriz bazaar and Khan Bazaar in Yazd and their effects on tourism and tourist attraction. Moreover, it represents the similarities and differences between these two places in Qajar era. Such a study appears to be essential as there is a lack of enough research in this ground. For this reason five commercial buildings in Tabriz and four others in Yazd were selected. Then an example of Tabriz and a similar sample were selected from the Yazd Bazar and similarities, differences in the tables were compared. Moreover, the mentioned places were considered from their touristy architecture perspective and their potentiality for attracting tourists The results showed that commercial building in Tabriz and Yazd did not have similar Plans. The studied places in Tabriz  have got more centralized plans and are octagonal, but in In Yazd bazaar the plans are more rectangular or roughly square. . The other difference is related to length and width proportion and there are such proportions like ( 3 to 1) and (3 to 2) and (3 to 5) for Tabriz commercial buildings and (1 to 1) and (4 to 1)  for Yazd commercial buildings. Also in aspect of their similarities, it is the ceiling structure in both vaults with brick façade. In terms of proportion, the filled  and empty spaces proportion is the same for both and they are (2 to 1), (3 to 2) and (5 to 2). From touristy architecture, the results showed that both Tabriz and Yazd enjoy various touristy architectures and have significant potentials for tourist attraction.

Sustainable tourism is based on the concept of sustainable development. The area attracts a significant number of users for sports and tourism activities, especially on holidays and weekends. Most users (especially amateurs) move at approximately 2182 meters. The movement of athletes and various uses of environmental facilities such as cafes, restaurants, etc. lead to an increase in the sound level in the mountaineering route and the surrounding areas. The results show that with the change of time from early morning (6 am) to noon (12 pm), the sound level increases due to the increase in the number of users in the area. The average noise level along the mountaineering route is 77, 3 dB, which does not comply with the EPA standard as well as the UK and WHO standards and indicates the amount of noise. Therefore, environmental and safety priorities must also be considered. Failure to pay attention to the bearing capacity in determining the number of authorized users to enter the area and the entry of more people into the area, will cause damage to the environment, reduce the quality of services and welfare and other natural and human issues. Thus; Area management must plan in such a way as to ensure sustainable performance in addition to using existing land uses.          

One of the main concerns of today's world is the reduction of non-renewable energies and environmental pollution caused by them in buildings, which can be controlled by saving and optimizing energy consumption. On the other hand, global climate change and its local and regional effects are important in buildings energy management policies. To this end, identifying and exploiting passive systems and climate-friendly design strategies are one of the cheap and sustainable solutions in this regard. The present study examined the use of soil thermal potentials and earth-sheltered design as one of the practical solutions for providing thermal comfort and reducing energy consumption in hot and dry climates and case studied “Shahdad Desert”. Various active and passive techniques are currently used throughout the world to reduce energy consumption, some of which have been common from the past to the present such as the construction of buildings in the shelter of earth, like the Iranian native architecture. This study empirically and practically investigated the effect of the depth of a building in the soil on the rate of cooling and heating energy consumption. The information required for the construction site of the earth-sheltered building was obtained by conducting a field survey in the Shahdad Desert. It was further suggested to build a tourist residence by taking refuge in the heart of the Kaluts in the hot and dry climates of Shahdad. By moving the designed building inside Kalut, the rate of cooling and heating energy consumption of the building during the year was calculated and the results showed that changing the depth of the earth-sheltered building did not have much effect on heating energy, but as it approached the earth edges, its cooling energy increased. As the building left the earth, the total cooling and heating energy consumption increased dramatically.

Review of current progress in Mid to Late Ordovician astrochronological studies exposes some important issues related to cyclostratigraphical studies, including the completeness and correlation of successions, and the connection between inferred astronomical cycles and geological events recorded in the sedimentary record. While bulk, low-field, mass specific magnetic susceptibility methods are widely applied in studies of high resolution cyclostratigraphy, they require close support from sequence stratigraphy and biostratigraphy, and should be linked back to outcrop patterns. Otherwise they risk distortion in the calibration against geological time, through lack of anchoring to well-defined biostratigraphical horizons and unrecognised condensed intervals and larger hiatuses. A significant limitation currently is that few high-resolution radio-isotope ages are linked to well-defined biostratigraphical boundaries. Nevertheless, fourth order sedimentary sequences linked to 405 ky orbital eccentricity cycles, and longer orbital cyclicity impressed in third-order sequences, represent good grounds for development of a reliable astrochronological scale. The astrochronologically calibrated sequence-stratigraphical record documented from high latitude Gondwana shows significant impact from orbital forcing on the Mid to Late Ordovician global climate.