درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

As the COVID-19 pandemic rages through the world, a “tsunami” of legal and economic issues including breach of contracts occurred in the private and public sectors. In Iran and throughout the world, almost all contracts contain so-called “force majeure” clauses, which excuse a business’s non-performance if circumstances beyond their control prevent (or sometimes hinder) performance. These clauses often list out the circumstances which excuse non-performance and they may include flood, fire, terrorism, war “Act of God” and sometimes epidemic. Due to the impacts of the pandemic on the price of materials and tremendous increase in the costs, contractors try to take COVID-19 as a legal excuse (force majeure) to breach the contract. The present paper tries to answer the questions that can the contractors take force majeure as a “get out of jail free” card? Does the COVID-19 outbreak constitute force majeure and excuse non-performance of contract? And how does it affect “time of Essence” clauses in contracts? Through the critical analysis method, this article scrutinizes the legal challenges of the issue.  Findings show that having a look ahead, the legislator has to redefine the meaning of force majeure in the Iranian and European law .

Education is not limited to chalk and talk in the 21st century, but learning science is possible through different formats and methods. Meanwhile, visual representations of a city could be considered by a system of signs and based on the opposition between emotional motivation and the visible structure of the material world and through a complex system of signs, as well as social, economic, and cultural characteristics of the communities. Hence, these visual representations of the cities play an important role in the metamorphosis of urban spaces; besides reproduction or elimination and decline of semantic values during time. With this approach, the main purpose of this paper is to study the function feasibility of theme parks in the realization of learning city. This topic is important for urban planning studies, more than ever with respect to the concepts and theoretical and practical configurations. In regard to its purpose and nature, this study is an applied research, and based on its method it is a descriptive-analytical study. The study was carried out in September 2017. Thus, 34 items with seven components and four indicators have been identified to check the thematic parks for the realization of a learning city. Mental model software is used to analyze the performance of the indicators. Confirmatory factor analysis was used in SMART PLS software to confirm or reject the performance findings of the indicators. The research results showed that the items have been effective in the theme parks with different coefficients (from high to low impacts) and with an increasing trend in the realization of learning city, in this way, the indicators of continuity in activities, creating conditions for healthy competition, identifying competencies and moral excellence have had the greatest impacts and centrality with effect 11.21, 10.58, 10.45 and 10.41, respectively. Also, the findings of confirmatory factor analysis showed a strong relationship between the performance of theme parks and the learning city by confirming the relationship among the indicators, in Mellat Park of Zanjan.