درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

The purpose of this article is to determine the phonemic status of [h] and [ʔ] in the Sistani dialect of Miyankangi. Auditory tests applied to the relevant data show that [ʔ] occurs mainly in word-initial position، where it stands in free variation with Ø. The only place where [h] is heard is in Arabic and Persian loanwords، and only in the pronunciation of some speakers who are educated and/or live in urban centres، where inhabitants are in closer touch with Persian than in rural areas. The sound [h] also occurs in the pronunuciation of some Arabic loanwords where it replaces the glottal plosive، particularly in word medial، intervocalic position. The investigation shows that neither [ʔ] nor [h] have phonemic status in the Sistani dialect of Miyankangi at present، but that more intense contact with Persian may change this state in the future، particularly for [h].

Avoiding the current terminology debates in the literature on politeness research and following a variational pragmatics approach, this study attempted to illuminate how appropriacy/ inappropriacy is realized in Persian language in light of five speech acts of introduction, apology, refusal, congratulation, and condolence. Additionally, it was aimed to see to what extent appropriacy/ inappropriacy is a function of variables such as age, gender, job, and level of education. In order to achieve this aim, 300 participants (m=150, f=150) completed an Open-ended Production Test (OPT) consisting of twenty situations. Analyzed within a two-component part variational pragmatics framework; namely pragmatic level and social factors, the data revealed that the variables in the study in quite different forms guide the expectations, perception and performance of the participants in the study. Giving an appropriacy (Marked/unmarked) taxonomy of the study speech acts in Persian, it is illustrated how, in most cases, the norms of appropriate verbal behavior seem to be subject to the variables of the study. It was further shown that talk and acts between speakers at a social situation are governed by converging and diverging norms in different communities of practice in Persian. Thereupon, the study can highlight the significance of including variational perspective on conventions of language use for language teaching.

Among factors that might manipulate translators’ mind while producing a text is the notion of ideology transmission through text or talk. Adopting Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) with particular emphasis on the framework of Van Dijk (1999)، the present investigation is an attempt to shed light on the relationship between language and ideology involved in translation in general، and more specifically، to uncover the underlying ideological assumptions invisible in the texts، both source text (ST) and target text (TT)، and consequently ascertain whether or not translators’ ideologies are imposed in their translations. The corpus consists of the full text of two different Persian translations of the book Media Control by Noam Chomsky، written in English. In a qualitative phase، a detailed contrastive/comparative study at the micro-level in terms of fore/back-grounding mechanisms including explanation of lexical items and dominant grammatical metaphors (passive vs. active، nominalization vs. denominalization، addition vs. omission، and modalization) was conducted to examine، describe and subsequently interpret the patterns in the English source text and its Persian translated versions. In order to make the research data interpretations as objective as possible، having computed frequencies of ideologically significant instances، and percentages، Chi-square formula was applied to find out any difference between proportions of information extracted from the target text concerning their fore/back-grounding and their positions against the source text as well as to test the research null hypothesis، which was consequently rejected. The findings reveal that there are significant changes made by the two translators، either intentionally or unintentionally، in their selection of lexical items and syntactic structures in comparison to those in the source text. The findings of the study also show that many distortions or transformations between the original and the two translated versions were not only arbitrary، but also ideologically encoded in the texts، with specific purposes and functions

در آموزش و ارزشیابی زبان دوم، بکارگیری یافته های پژوهشی مبتنی بر رویکردی تلفیقی و روانشناختی زبان به منظور بررسی جنبه های پردازش-اطلاعات و مدیریت تولید گفتار در فصاحت کلام لازم می باشد. این پژوهش با تکیه بر مدل روانشناختی زبان و تولید گفتار لولت (1989، 1999) و با استفاده از یک پرسشنامه و مجموعه ای از مصاحبه های بازنگرانه به مطالعه راه کارهای حل ناکارآمدی سخنگویان فصیح و غیر فصیح زبان انگلیسی پرداخته است. پس از ارزیابی صداهای ضبط شده به کمک یک مقیاس سنجش تحلیلی فصاحت کلام، سخنگویان فصیح و غیر فصیح از میان 200 نفر انتخاب شدند. نتایج حاکی از این بود که شرکت کنندگان فصیح در جهت جبران ناکارآمدی ها در گستره ی مفهومی خود، پوشش مشکلات ارتباطی، و مذاکره در مورد منظورشان با مخاطب به استفاده موثرتری از راه کارهای شناختی، زبانی، و تعاملی مبادرت ورزیدند. آنها به طور مؤثری طرح پیش گفتاری را به شکل جدیدی ارائه می کردند، ماهرانه از راهکارهای پیوستگی گفتاری استفاده می کردند، و هوشیارانه بر گفتمان نظارت داشتند. اما، سخنگویان غیر فصیح زمانیکه در تولید گفتار با مشکل مواجه می شدند طرح اولیه صحبتشان را یا بطور کامل رها می کردند یا کاملا تغییر می دادند که منجر به از هم گسستگی گفتار شان می شد. با این وجود، گاهی تلاش می کردند گفتار خود را اصلاح کنند، اما به دلیل محدودیت در توانش زبانی و تعاملی ناموفق بودند. نتایج گویای این بود که پژوهش بیشتر پیرامون فرآیندهای شناختی، زبانی، و تعاملی موثر در استفاده ی سخنگویان فصیح و غیر فصیح از راهکارها، برای تشریح ناکارآمدی های گفتاری و تفاوت فصاحت کلام در سخنگویان زبان دوم سودمند می باشد.