اشرف سادات موسوی

INTRODUCTION: Due to the vulnerability of the country to various disasters and events, the role of directing public opinion, and the attention of the general public and political elites to Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting (IRIB), the present study aimed to obtain and explain an executive model of IRIB news in crisis management. METHODS: This study was conducted based on an applied research method in terms of objective, and it is qualitative research using an exploratory approach in terms of method. The statistical population consisted of experts, managers, and professors of media and crisis (Crescent Society and Crisis Management Organization). The data were collected using a semi-structured in-depth interview technique, and a saturation was observed using a targeted sampling and after 25 interviews. In addition, the Strauss method in grounded theory was applied to analyze the data. Moreover, in the process of theory analysis, MAXQDA (version 2020) was applied, and a total of 120 concepts and 20 categories were identified. FINDINGS: Some categories, such as the unprofessional nature of media, unprofessional coverage of news, biased news organization, lack of media independence, public distrust, and tendency toward alternative media, are the requirements for explaining an executive model of news in crisis management, which are axially coded as causal conditions. In addition, appropriate news coverage, information, analytical programs, people's voice, crisis management principles and organization, education and informing, and culturalization, were the seven main categories selected as the main strategies to develop the model. CONCLUSION: Some categories, such as the improvement of media performance, de-escalation instead of crisis-making, rumor prevention, obtainment of public trust, accountability of officials, organizing and mobilizing human forces, social cohesion, increasing resilience, as well as reconstruction and rehabilitation, are of the consequences of using appropriate strategies to explain IRIB news in crisis management.

Introduction: Considering the country's vulnerability to various disasters and the important role of the national media at the time of accidents and disasters and the public's attention to the media at this time, the present study aims to achieve and design a news executive model in crisis management. Method: This research has a mixed approach and therefore the research was conducted in two phases, qualitative and quantitative. The first phase is done using the method based on grounded theory or grounded theory and the next phase is done using the quantitative research method based on the researcher-made questionnaire. The statistical population of the research in the qualitative section includes managers and media and crisis elites who were interviewed using purposive sampling and saturation (25 cases). The statistical population of the quantitative section also included 196 managers, experts and media and crisis experts (Red Crescent Society and Crisis Management Organization) of the country. Findings: Based on the research findings, it can be said that categories such as the nature and unprofessional coverage of news, biased news organization, lack of media independence and ultimately public distrust and tendency to alternative media as the requirements for designing news executive model in crisis management were coded as causal conditions. In the theory analysis process, the help of MAXQDA software version 2020 was used, which identified a total of 120 concepts and 20 categories. Then, in the quantitative part, using Smartpls3 software, the relationship of these categories to explain the news in crisis management was obtained. Conclusion: According to the results, the categories of accountability of officials, social cohesion and increasing resilience, improving media performance and gaining public trust are the consequences of using appropriate strategies for developing news in crisis management. The results showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between the nature and unprofessional coverage of news with the design and explanation of crisis management news and also people's distrust and tendency to alternative media with inappropriate design of crisis management news.

The aim of the present study was to predict self- destructiveness based on perceived stress, brain-behavioral systems and defense styles. The population was the students of the Faculty of Pharmacy of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences in the academic year 2017-2018; through convenience sampling method, 150 completed questionnaires were analyzed. The design was correlational. chronic self- destructiveness scales (CSDS), perceived stress scale (PSS), behavioral inhibition-activation systems scale (BIS/BAS) and defense styles (DSQ) were used to collect data. The data were analyzed using Pearson's correlation coefficient as well as stepwise regression. The results showed that there was a relationship between self-destructiveness and perceived stress (p≤.01), punishment sensitivity (p≤.001), reward responsiveness (p≤.05), drive (p≤.01), and fun seeking (p≤.01). Immature defense style (p≤.01) and neurotic defense style (p≤.01) have a relationship. Moreover, the regression analysis revealed that fun seeking (R2=.33), reward sensitivity (R2=.26), driving (R2=.23), neurotic defense styles (R2=.17), immature defense styles (R2=.11) and punishment sensitivity (R2=.11) could predict self- destructiveness. In conclusion, it can be said that perceived stress is in dynamic relationship with brain-behavioral systems and defense styles can predict self- destructiveness. Punishment sensitivity among brain-behavioral systems, and immature defense styles among the defense styles, were most strongly associated with self-destructiveness.

This research aimed at the prediction of social adjustment based on early maladaptive schemas and social skills. In this research, 133 subjects, all were inhabitants of Tehran and were selected by the convenient method, responded to online questionnaires including Bell Adjustment Questionnaire (BAI), Young Early Maladaptive Schemas Questionnaire (YEMSQ), and Matson Evaluation Social Skill with Youngsters (MESSY). The LISREL and SPSS-22 softwares and the methods of Pearson correlation and Structural equation modeling were used for data analysis. Results showed that early maladaptive schemas in five areas (disconnection & rejection, impaired autonomy & performance, impaired limits, other-direction, and overvigilance/ inhibition) were correlated reversely with social adjustment. Social adjustment also was correlated positively with social skills. Applying the structural equation modeling showed that social adjustment is predictable based on early maladaptive schemas and social skills. Out of the schemas, two areas of impaired limits (-0.69) and impaired autonomy & performance (-0.53) have the most negative impact on social adjustment. Social skills, as the second strongest variable, have the highest positive impact on social skills, after impaired autonomy & performance. The results were explained in the context of the theory of early maladaptive schemas, and some points were suggested regarding an increase in social adjustment.

The aim of the present study was to compare self-destructiveness, fear of failure, and the big five personality traits in adolescent boys in divorced and normal families, employing a causal-comparative method. Ninety boys (of divorced and normal families, 45 in each group) were selected through purposeful sampling method for teenagers from divorced families and random sampling for teenagers from normal families. All of which were 15 to18 year-old boys studying in the second grade of high school in Karaj. To collect the data, Chronic self-destructiveness Scale (CSDS), Performance Failure Appraisal Inventory (PFAI) and NEO Five Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) were run, and Multivariate analysis of variance test was used for analysis of data. Results showed that chronic self-destructiveness (F=94/64, p ≤ .001), inconsideration and  lack of commitment (F=28/818, p ≤ .001), neglect (F=160/60, p ≤ .001), risk taking (F=43/543, p ≤ .001), stupefaction (F=52/933, p ≤ .001), fear of failure (F=1238/00, p ≤ .001), fear of experiencing shame and embarrassment (F= 1035 / 45 , p ≤ .001), fear of devaluing one's self-esteem (F = 1600 / 64 , p ≤ .001), fear of having an uncertain future (F = 1507 / 61 , p ≤ .001 ) ), fear of losing interest from important others (F= 69 / 872 , p ≤ .001) and neuroticism (F = 94 / 2202 , p ≤ .001) were higher in adolescent boys with divorced families than normal ones. In other dimensions of the big five, extraversion (F= 1719 / 52, p ≤ .001), openness to experience (F = 47 / 12, p ≤ .001), agreeableness (F = 3032 / 96, p ≤ .001), and conscientiousness (F= 1788 / 59, p ≤ .001), the mean scores in adolescent boys with normal families were higher than the ones from divorced. The negative experiences, the absence of a caring parent, and the lack of a sense of security in divorced families can be the reasons behind the higher rate of self-destructiveness and fear of success in adolescents from divorced families.