علیرضا عراقیه

Purpose: Students' learning style is one of the important factors that help teachers to prepare conditions for students' learning. So, the aim of this research was to identify the dimensions and components of education based on flipped learning in elementary school. Methodology: This study was applied in terms of purpose and descriptive in terms of qualitative type. The research community were experts in the fields of elementary education, curriculum planning and educational management. Sampling was done with targeted and snowball sampling methods and continued until the research reached theoretical saturation, i.e. 19 people. The research tool was a semi-structured interview with experts, whose validity was confirmed by the triangulation method, and its reliability was calculated by the method of the agreement coefficient between two coders of 0.88, and the data analysis was done by thematic analysis method in MAXQDA-12 software. Findings: The findings indicated that education based on flipped learning in elementary school has 45 indicators, 9 components and 3 dimensions of input (with 3 components of equipment, learner and teacher), teaching and learning process (with 3 components of learner preparation, teacher preparation) , learning activities and interaction) and output (with 2 components of implicit results and objective results). Finally, according to the identified dimensions and components, a teaching model based on flipped learning was designed in the elementary school. Conclusion: The results of this study indicated that in order to improve education based on flipped learning, the dimensions and components identified for it should be given special attention and the ground for their improvement and promotion should be provided.

There is curious multifaceted neglect regarding the effective use of parents in curriculums before the COVID-19 pandemic and its peak from February 2020 to February 2021 and post-corona virus. This issue hasn't changed despite reports concerning the reluctance of students to go to school and attend face-to-face training. This study aims to explain the current state of schools, that is, the superficial view of the effectiveness of family participation in post-corona virus curriculum. The necessity of parents' participation in the school curriculum is irrefutable. Neglecting this, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic that needs parents' involvement, has made the issue more evident and prominent. In this study, based on research, papers, and documents regarding the involvement of parents in the curricula, the following questions will be surveyed and explained: 1. What are the requirements of parents' involvement in curricula from the point of view of the document? 2. What are the accomplished research requirements regarding parents' involvement in curricula? 3. What are the obstacles to parents' involvement in curricula? 4. What is the position of parents' involvement in curricula? According to the current study's findings, despite the undeniable role of parents' involvement in the effectiveness of curricula, their involvement is the neglected dimension of schools' curricula. In the third year of the COVID-19 pandemic, there is still no coherent plan to use the parents' involvement in virtual training. We will present the critical approaches in the form of proposals in the end.

INTRODUCTION: The natural hazard reduction curriculum is incredibly critical in facilitating and improving students' safety culture. Thus, we must attend to the content of textbooks to further comprehend the significance of safety issues regarding the process of student safety. The next step is developing a training program that meets all the fundamental needs of safety education. Hence, this research study strives to evaluate the position of safety culture education in elementary school textbooks. METHODS: This research is a quantitative content analysis borrowing a qualitative approach. The statistical population comprised all books on Persian language and literature, experimental sciences, and social studies in all the six primary levels. Counting was the sampling method in the present study. Experts in curriculum planning and health education confirmed the validity of this research. Moreover, the Scott test obtained a reliability of 0.72. FINDINGS: The findings of content analysis in assessing elementary school textbooks based on the Shannon Entropy method indicated that the following indices have the highest frequency and significance: Risk and disaster awareness in 150 samples (Wj = 0.273(, Communication skills, awareness of the environment, and human-environmental interactions with 46 samples (Wj = 0.0666(, On the contrary, the index of child rights aspects with zero cases (Wj = 0) was the least significant among the indices and components.Findings from the frequency of components revealed that safety culture components were not normally distributed. CONCLUSION: According to the research findings, we found out that the components in the fields of skill and attitude have received little to no attention. However, nurturing and promoting the capabilities and skills of children in the field of safety are some of the most vital indices of child safety. Contemplating these aspects will assist in properly performing relief, emergency, and law enforcement missions by preventing disasters. Keywords: Content Analysis; Presumptions of Natural Hazard Reduction; Red Crescent Society; Safety Culture Education; Shannon Entropy.