The effects of task complexity on Chinese learners’ language production: A synthesis and meta-analysis(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
حوزه های تخصصی:
مطالب مرتبط با کلیدواژه
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meta-analysis
Religiosity and Cyberspace: A Meta-Analysis on the Studies of Religion and Cyberspace
منبع:
Cyberspace Studies Winter ۲۰۱۸ , Volume ۲, Issue ۲
205-228
حوزه های تخصصی:
This paper focuses on the impact of cyberspace on religiosity in Iran through reviewing previous studies. The situation of religion in the age of the internet has always been a major matter of concern for Iranian scholars and policy makers. Accordingly, there have been many researchers who have addressed and approached this problem but there has been no comprehensive understanding of the impact of the internet on religiosity, as no comparative study has been conducted to date. This paper applies meta-analysis as the method for reviewing previous attempts while trying to gather all the data by classifying problems, methods, theoretical approaches and more importantly their results. The outcome of this study is to indicate the impact of cyberspace on religiosity and religious identity, apart from classifying and clarifying the status of religiosity in Iran. Having a stronger religious identity causes less online misbehaviors like searching and engaging in pornography. It also indicates using cyberspace for recreational purposes compared to using it for communication or gathering information etc. makes the users more likely to have a weaker religious identity.
The Impressibility of Speaking Accuracy/Fluency among EFL Undergraduates: A Meta-Analysis(مقاله پژوهشی دانشگاه آزاد)
منبع:
The Journal of English Language Pedagogy and Practice, Vol.۱۰, No.۲۱, Fall & Winter ۲۰۱۷
184 - 225
حوزه های تخصصی:
This meta-analysis is an investigation into the impressibility of two dimensions of the speaking skill, namely accuracy and fluency, in relation to the experimented treatments among Iranian EFL undergraduates. Having surveyed a collected bank of 74 research reports, the relationships among the variables in the 14 included studies were examined. More specifically, the analysis involved a statistical review of 67 effect sizes (at 95% CI) calculated from studies conducted between 2006 and 2016, including 890 participants. The analysis indicated that in 77% of the experimented treatments, the students performed as well as the students in the regular programs with no significant improvement in oral accuracy. The analysis also demonstrated that 63% of the treatments did not yield significant improvement in oral fluency in comparison with the regular instruction. Moreover, the synthesis of the effects of the contextual factors showed that low-level (i.e., elementary) learners experienced a better improvement in speaking performance. The analysis also revealed that, among the experimented treatments, dialogic tasks were most effective on oral accuracy while interviews were influential in promoting the students’ both oral accuracy and fluency. Finally, the quality of the study reports was analyzed and some directions for further research were suggested.
The Effect of CLIL on Language Skills and Components: A Meta-Analysis(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
حوزه های تخصصی:
Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) has recently been the focus of numerous studies in language education since it aims to overcome the pitfalls of form-focused and meaning-focused instruction by systematically integrating content and language. This meta-analysis aims to synthesize the findings of 22 primary studies that tested the effect of CLIL on language skills and components. Guiding the analysis are three questions: What is the overall combined effect of CLIL on language skills and components? How do moderators condition the effect of CLIL? To what extent the overall combined effect is conditioned by publication bias? The overall effect size was found to be g=0.81, which represents a medium effect size with respect to Plonsky and Oswald’s (2014) scale. The results of moderator analysis show that CLIL has the highest effect on students’ grammar and listening proficiency and in lower levels of education, especially in elementary schools. It also has the highest effect when combined with hotel management as the subject matter. Fail-safe N test of publication bias shows that the significant positive outcome of CLIL cannot be accounted for by publication bias. The findings have clear implications for practitioners, researchers and curriculum developers.
The Effectiveness of English Language Teaching Methods: A Meta-Analysis in Pursuit for "the Best Method"(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
منبع:
Teaching Language Skills (JTLS), Volume ۴۰, Issue ۱, Winter ۲۰۲۱
187 - 235
حوزه های تخصصی:
What is “the best method” of language teaching? It has been one of the oldest questions of language teaching and learning during the last century. However, no comprehensive quantitative study has tackled the issue. In order to answer this question, the researchers meta-analyzed 56 studies with 7960 participants from many contexts. A coding scheme of 46 variables, in the form of four major moderator sets, including design characteristics, language characteristics, participant characteristics, and teaching characteristics, was developed. The overall effect size (g= 1.00) was found to be positive, strong, and significant for all language teaching methods. The findings showed that all language teaching methods, irrespective of various contexts, were positively effective. The results of moderator analysis showed that most of the moderators, excluding language skills and place of the study, had no significant effect on language teaching methods. Implications for current theory and practice, for both method and postmethod, are discussed.
Strategy-Based Teaching in ELT: A Meta-Analysis(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
حوزه های تخصصی:
This meta-analysis study aimed to explore the effectiveness of Strategy-Based Teaching (SBT) in ELT (English Language Teaching). A total of 18 original studies (2000–2020), with 1834 participants of diverse learning and teaching contexts, conformed with the inclusion/ exclusion criteria, were employed to be analyzed in this study. To provide a comprehensive picture of the possible moderating factors, we included 21 moderators under three moderating sets. The impact of methodological criteria, such as eligibility revisions and substitution of alternative ranges of values for arbitrary or unclear decisions, was examined using sensitivity analyses. The findings revealed an overall significant, positive and medium effect of SBT on English learners’ outcomes for both fixed (g = 0.65) and random (g = 62) models. Moreover, meta-regression analysis results of moderating factors showed that the place, type, and design of the study had no significant predicting effect on SBT. It has been documented that the results of moderator analysis of language skills and components were also not significant. However, the results for moderating effect of language measurement instruments were found to be significant. Studies that employed standardized tests for language learning measurement revealed significantly higher mean effect size in comparison with those that used teachers’ assessments. Overall, SBT was found to be positively effective within a variety of teaching and learning contexts in ELT.
On the effectiveness of integrated skills approach in language teaching: a meta-analysis(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
حوزه های تخصصی:
This meta-analysis was conducted to synthesize the effect of 22 primary studies which have been conducted to test the effect of the integrated skills approach (ISA) on language skills and components. Three questions guide this analyses: What is the overall effect of ISA on language skills and sub-skills? To what extent moderator variables such as learners level of education and proficiency modify the effect of the ISA? What is the magnitude of publication bias in this analysis? The overall effect size was found to be 1.18, which represents a large effect size based on Cohen, Manion and Morrison’ (2007) scale. The results of moderator analysis revealed that the ISA has the largest effect for advanced learners and at a tertiary level of education. The symmetrical funnel plot together with fail-safe N test shows that publication bias does not have any significant effect on the effect size reported in this study. The findings of this meta-analysis have clear implications for practitioners, policymakers, and curriculum developers.
Instructed Second Language Pragmatics for the Speech Act of Apology in an Iranian EFL Context: A Meta-Analysis(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
منبع:
Applied Research on English Language, V. ۱۰ , N. ۳ , ۲۰۲۱
77 - 104
حوزه های تخصصی:
Considering one of the earliest calls for applying pragmatics in the second language, Kasper and Rose’s (2002) study “Is Pragmatic Teachable?”, pragmatic features have been analyzed during the last 20 years in EFL/ESL contexts. The amalgamation of studies has been conducted on many speech acts around the world within the two decades, among which apology is considered as the second most-appreciated speech act in Iran. The aim of the current meta-analysis is twofold: first, to unravel the overall effectiveness of the instruction in an Iranian EFL context on the speech act of apology, and second, to explore whether treatment types and research designs moderate this effectiveness. To this end, out of a total number of 31 studies, 12 papers were chosen based on the exclusion and inclusion criteria, which were coded for the analysis. The results of the study revealed that the instruction of apology is effective for this speech act, and it documented a medium effect size. Furthermore, it was found that research design is a good predictor for this effectiveness, and the quasi-experimental group displayed a large (g = 2.39) and positive effect. Although treatment types (e.g., explicit & non-explicit) produced medium and large effect sizes, they are not a suitable predictor for the overall effectiveness of instruction on the aforementioned speech act. The study concludes with pedagogical implications and suggestions for future studies.
Blended Learning and Academic Achievement: A Meta-Analysis
حوزه های تخصصی:
The purpose of the present research was to conduct a meta-analysis of Iranian studies on blended learning and academic achievement. As the third generation of distance education, blended learning integrates the strengths of face-to-face and online approaches. The methodology involved estimating the effect size for the relationship between blended learning and academic achievement. Out of 231 studies conducted between 2010 and 2017, 20experimental and quasi-experimental studies were selected as the sample using purposive sampling based on 9eligibility criteria. Data were analyzed using structured meta-analysis and were interpreted using Cohen’s for gauging small, medium, and large effect sizes. The results showed that the relationship between blended learning and academic achievement is significant, as the effect size for this relationship was 0.591, which is above medium in Cohen’s approach. Overall, the findings suggest the real positive effects of blended learning on learning outcome.
Relationship between extramarital behavior and HIV: the systematic review and meta-analysis protocol(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
منبع:
Iranian Journal of Health Psychology, Volume ۳, Issue ۲ - Serial Number ۶, November ۲۰۲۰
9 - 14
حوزه های تخصصی:
Extramarital relations are among the main problems in the relationships of married couples that can result in psychological disorders, tensions between couples, and even physical problems in the people involved. The risk of contracting sexually transmitted diseases, including HIV/AIDS, is high among the people who have extramarital relations. A large number of studies have addressed this issue, but there is no consistency in the results, and no research has reviewed them systematically. This study aims to depict a comprehensive image of the relationship between extramarital relationships and contracting HIV/AIDS. This systematic review will be conducted using Pubmed, PsycINFO, MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus, ProQuest, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, as well as the grey literature with no restriction regarding the language. All types of studies investigated the relationship between extramarital relations and HIV/AIDS will be included. The population of the study will be considered the people more than 18 years old with extramarital relationships in their lives at the time of research or before. Two independent reviewers will perform the study selection and data extraction. The assessment of the risk of bias will be implemented using the JBI Critical Appraisal Checklist. Publication bias will be assessed by funnel plots, Begg’s, and Egger’s tests. Heterogeneity will be evaluated using the I2 statistic and the χ2 test. Also, we will conduct subgroup analyses for the population and all Meta-analyses will be performed using Stata V.13 software. The findings will reveal a comprehensive picture of the relation between extramarital relationships and HIV/AIDS that can improve policy decisions, leading to a reduction and providing improved special services for individuals, couples, and families, and society who faced this problem.
Meta-analysis of the Effectiveness of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) on Neurocognitive Function in People with Mild Neurocognitive Impairment(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
منبع:
Iranian Journal of Health Psychology, Volume ۳, Issue ۲ - Serial Number ۶, November ۲۰۲۰
49 - 58
حوزه های تخصصی:
Abstract The aim of the present study was investigating the effectiveness of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) on neurocognitive performance in people with mild neurocognitive impairment. Using meta-analysis and integrating the research results, this study has specified the extent of the effect of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on improvement of neurocognitive function in people with mild neurocognitive impairment. Method: For meta-analyses Magiran, SID, and Irandoc databases were used to search Persian articles and Science direct, Scopus, and PubMed databases were used to find foreign articles, using ‘MCI’, ‘transcranial direct current stimulation’, tDCS, and ‘mild cognitive impairment’ key words for foreign articles and their Persian equivalents for Persian articles. Of the 29 studies, 11 that were methodologically acceptable were meta-analyzed. The research tool was a meta-analysis checklist. Results: The results of meta-analysis indicated publication bias in the studies. Due to the heterogeneity of the studies, a random effect model was used. The effect of Hedges for the impact of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on neurocognitive functions in people with mild neurocognitive impairment was 0.26, which is a large effect. Conclusion: This result shows clinicians can choose transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) as effective intervention for patients who suffer from mild cognitive impairments. More investigations are necessary to find the cognitive benefits of using transcranial direct current stimulation in elderly people and other cognitive impaired persons.
The effect of information disclosure on market reaction with meta-analysis approach(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
حوزه های تخصصی:
The present research aims to conduct meta-analysis of the effect of information disclosure on market reaction. In order to integrate the results of different researches and identify the determinants of relations between information disclosure and market reaction, we used meta-analysis methodology as a quantitative statistical method. To perform the meta-analysis method, the scientific magazines all over the world (the published papers relating the research variables from 1990 to 2020) were identified and gathered as statistical population and. As a result, 86 studies were analyzed using systematic removal. The results of the relating studies published during this period indicate that most of these studies are heterogeneous. By classifying these studies based on different measurement criteria of information disclosure and market reaction and also by calculating the intragroup statistics along with identifying the factor of this heterogeneity, we found that these diverse measurement criteria used in the mentioned studies are considered as contradiction factors in research results. We also found that there is no meaningful relation between Non-financial information component, company cycle, type of industry and company size with market reaction whereas there is a meaningful relation between financial information and market reaction.
English Language Teaching Policy in Iran and Singapore: A Qualitative Meta-Analysis(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
حوزه های تخصصی:
This study intends to conduct a systematic qualitative meta-analysis that focuses on research studies into English Language Teaching (ELT) policy in Iran and Singapore. To identify and compare the main features of the studies and also to provide a contemporary picture of the field in Iran and Singapore, 13 articles published between 2010 and 2021 were included in this review. The analysis revealed that Singapore has employed a top-down language policy and utilized a holistic curriculum which has led to an English knowing society. The policies are well articulated and few mismatches were reported in the policies. In addition, the policies are positively perceived by stakeholders, leading to effective implementation of the policies. However, the findings showed that the Iranian top-down policy negatively framed ELT. Moreover, the policies are not well articulated and there are some inconsistencies between the policies and some mismatches between policy and practice. In addition, the analysis revealed that Iranian stakeholders negatively perceived the policies. They believed that the policies have marginalized the role of teachers and their professional judgment. Finally, research gaps for future research studies in ELT policy were highlighted and recommendations were offered.
Communication Skills through Digital Technology in Language Learners with Autism: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
The use of technology-based instructions and treatment tools to compensate for deficiencies in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is evidently increasing. The present study that performed during 2021-2022 was a systematic review and meta-analysis concerning the efficacy of digital technologies in improving the deficient communication skills in language learners with ASD. Ten studies met the inclusion criteria. The results revealed that the overall effect size (Cohen’s d) was 0.12 for both fixed effect model and random-effect model (z = 1.155, p >0.05). The effect size was statistically non-significant. We also considered Magnitudes of Cohen’s d fixed at 0.2, 0.5, and 0.8 which commonly accepted for small, medium and large quantities. Again, the result approached the small magnitude (1.12 > 0.2). Despite estimation of variances of effect sizes across studies (Q index, I2 and T2 values) approved homogeneity in study results, due to small number of studies included in this meta-analysis they\ results may not be generalizable (Q= 8.780, I= 0.00, T= 0.00, p> 0.05). For future comparisons, we therefore recommend use of more evidence-based experimental studies with modifications in their technology devices to secure higher statistical gains. We also recommend considering moderator variables which affected the effect size of included publications consisting age, IQ level, treatment durations and validity rate of technology devices.
Meta-analysis of auditor characteristics and profit quality (Considering auditor characteristics indicators)(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
حوزه های تخصصی:
The purpose of this study is to perform a meta-analysis of the relationship between auditor characteristics and profit quality. In order to integrate the results of different researches and identify the factors that modulate the relationships between auditor characteristics and profit quality, in this research we will use meta-analysis methodology which is one of the quantitative statistical methods. In order to implement the meta-analysis method, they were identified and collected from the websites of foreign journals (articles published in the period 2005 to 2020) and the Internet site of domestic scientific research journals (articles published during the years 2006 to 2021) as a statistical population of the research. Systematic removal has finally analyzed 50 studies; The results of studies conducted in the period and around this relationship indicate that most of these studies are heterogeneous. In order to identify the cause of this heterogeneity, by dividing the research based on different criteria for measuring profit quality and auditor characteristics and calculating intra-group chi-square statistics, we found that these different measurement criteria used in research are one of the factors of contradiction in the results. There have been researches. In the following study, it was observed that there is no significant relationship between auditor characteristics with profit smoothing and timely profit and also between non-audit services provided by the auditor and profit quality, while in contrast, there is no significant relationship between auditor characteristics and quality of accruals; Profit stability; There is the ability to predict profit and conservatism.
Structural Equation Modeling of the Sources of EFL Teachers’ Self–Efficacy(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
حوزه های تخصصی:
Self-efficacy, which is known as the teachers’ self-perception of their competence and abilities in doing specific tasks, has attracted considerable attention in teacher education. It is seen as the teacher’s belief in achieving specific outcomes for students in their teaching practices, but the main sources of EFL teachers’ self-efficacy have not been systematically explored in a single study. Therefore, this study set out to present a systematic review of the studies on EFL teachers’ self-efficacy. To this aim, a meta-analysis approach was employed to systematically review closely related papers from Elsevier, Google Scholar, and ERIC. The articles examined the sources of self-efficacy in a different context. Through precise screening, 13 papers were found to be eligible enough to be included in this study. Findings revealed that ‘Mastery Experiences’, ‘Vicarious Experiences’, ‘Social Persuasion and Support’, ‘Emotional and Physiological States’, ‘Language Proficiency’, ‘Intelligence’, ‘Teaching skills and experience’, ‘pre-service training courses’, and ‘professional development activities’ are the main sources of self-efficacy. The findings could be theoretically and practically significant to EFL teachers, teacher trainers, and researchers interested in teacher education.
Meta-Analysis of Communication and Organizational Performance: Moderating Effects of Research object, Country and Year of Publication(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
حوزه های تخصصی:
Communication plays a critical role in any sustainable plan or strategy. This meta-analysis was conducted to provide an overall perspective of the relationship between communication and organizational performance. A total of 999 articles in both English and Farsi were extracted from four databases. The random effects model was used to analyze the data. The analysis was done by CMA2 ) V2.2. 064 (. The results based on the random effects model illustrated that the degree of the relationship between communication and organizational performance is large, positive, and significant (R=0.745, CI=0.95 p=0.000%). Furthermore, "Research object", "publication year" and "country" were identified as moderator variables in this relationship. An important jump in the intensity of this relationship was detected from 2017. Moreover, a significant difference in the intensity of this relationship was observed in educational organizations with commercial and medical organizations, which can be useful for activists in these fields. The intensity of the relationship in the countries of China, Malaysia, USA, South Korea, and Iran have been evaluated as significantly different. Therefore, these results can open new horizons for future research and especially the localization of international research results.
Meta-analysis of the studies conducted in the field of rural-urban migrations(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
منبع:
مدیریت شهری دوره ۱۳ زمستان ۱۳۹۴ ضمیمه لاتین شماره ۴۱
۱۷۰-۱۵۷
حوزه های تخصصی:
Iranian formal censuses indicate that the share of rural population in total population of Iran have been decreasing over the time and many villages are uninhabited. Migration statistics in Iran have also indicated intense migration from villages to the cities during the past half- century. Many researches have been conducted due to the importance of rural-urban migrations, during the past few years. Therefore, the main goals of this study are to criticize and evaluate the written articles using meta-analysis method in rural-urban migrations field and to identify the most important factors affecting rural-urban migrations, widely used theoretical approaches in this area and etc. The findings of this research show that attraction and repulsion viewpoint and Michael Todaro&rsquos theory are appropriate theoretical approaches to state the problem of rural-urban migrations in Iran. Also, urban attraction variables with impact size of 0.75 and occupation with impact size of 0.62 have the most effect on rural-urban migration. Other findings indicate that the most solutions proposed in the reviewed researches are general, vague and non-executive and there is no proportionality between the proposed solutions and the study objectives in most cases.
A Systematic Review of Instagram as a Mobile Assisted Language Learning Tool in English as a Second/Foreign Language(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
حوزه های تخصصی:
In recent years, Instagram has gained considerable attention in scientific research because of its popularity among English language learners. This study aimed to conduct a systematic review of empirical studies that investigated the use of Instagram as a mobile-assisted language learning (MALL) tool in ESL/EFL and attempted to perform a scientific mapping of the literature. To this end, a corpus of studies since 2010 was retrieved in January 2023 from six academic databases and reviewed through the stages of Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis (PRISMA). A critical appraisal of 48 experimental studies included in this review was carried out and a meta-analysis of 11 eligible studies was conducted. The results of the meta-analysis confirmed the significant effect size of the use of Instagram in ESL/EFL. The bibliometric analysis revealed that the research productivity is up and found writing and vocabulary skills as the main focus in most of the studies. This study could have implications for teachers and researchers to gain a broad overview of the integration of Instagram in English language teaching and to know the current research trends in the field for future research.
واکاوی مؤلفه های ریخت شناسی شهری تأثیرگذار بر آسیب پذیری اجتماعی با بهره گیری از روش فراتحلیل(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
منبع:
گفتمان طراحی شهری دوره ۵ بهار ۱۴۰۳ شماره ۱
88 - 113
حوزه های تخصصی:
اهداف: توسعه مبتنی بر ریخت شناسی شهری با توجه به چالش های اجتماعی همچون مهاجرت و تغییر بافت انسانی شهرها و ایجاد سکونت گاه های حاشیه ای غیررسمی، ناامن و ناایمن، تأثیر بسزایی بر آسیب پذیری اجتماعی جوامع شهری دارد. این امر در کشور ما که امواج توسعه را با بازه زمانی قابل توجهی نسبت به کشورهای توسعه یافته، تجربه می کند، مسائل پیچیده تری را ایجاد می کند. از این رو، درونی سازی یا بومی سازی عاملیت توسعه براساس مشخصه های منحصربه فرد تمدنی- فرهنگی یکی از دغدغه ها و چالش های پیش روی برنامه ریزان شهری در سیاست گذاری های در ایران است. هدف از مطالعه حاضر، استخراج و واکاوی آن دسته از عوامل ریخت شناسی شهری در مطالعات بومی است که بر آسیب پذیری اجتماعی مؤثر ارزیابی شده اند تا بتوان به تعریف روشنی از ابعاد، مؤلفه ها و عناصر هر یک از آن ها رسید.
روش ها: این پژوهش، بر اساس هدف، کاربردی- توسعه ای است و با رویکرد کمی، به روش فراتحلیل، به استخراج معیارها و مؤلفه های تأثیرگذار ریخت شناسی شهری بر آسیب پذیری اجتماعی پرداخته شده است تا بتوان از این فرآیند، به خط مشی دقیق تر به برنامه ریزی شهری نائل شد.
یافته ها: تحلیل یافته ها می رساند که ریخت شناسی شهری متأثر از چهار گانه اقتصاد شهری، مدیریت حمل ونقل و آماد شهری، سیاست های کلان توسعه افقی و عمودی شهر و پارادایم شهرنشینی است و آسیب اجتماعی ناشی از ریخت شهری متأثر از مدیریت کاربری اراضی، هندسه معابر، نوع بافت از حیث فرسودگی، هندسه توده پر و خالی و ایجاد لامکان ها، شفافیت و خوانایی بافت شهری، سرزندگی، حضورپذیری و نورپردازی معابر در شب، میزان تحقق عدالت فضایی برای همه اقشار جامعه و ایمنی در فضای شهری به هنگام مخاطرات طبیعی مانند سیل و زلزله است.
نتیجه گیری: عمده ترین رویکردها به مطالعات ابعاد و مؤلفه های ریخت شناسی شهری عبارت از رویکردهای کالبدی- فیزیکی، بومی- اقلیمی، ادراک محیط و علوم رفتاری، تاریخی و جغرافیایی، اقتصادی- سیاسی، علوم اجتماعی، علوم انسانی و زمینه ای- فرهنگی است. ابعاد ریخت شناسی شهری در دو بعد بافت و توده و حرکت میان ساختمان ها یعنی معابر دسته بندی می شود. ذیل بعد بافت و توده می توان شاخصه هایی اعم از گونه های ساختمانی، بلوک ها و چیدمان توده ها و ذیل بعد حرکت میان ساختمان ها می توان شاخصه های هندسه و ساختار معابر و پراکنش دسترسی ها را بازشناسی کرد.