Women

Regarding the increasing presence of women in the community as a result of higher education developments, urban spaces have become more feminine and the significant influence of women in urban spaces and landscape is rapidly increasing following the impacts of lifestyle phenomenon, media and globalization. The increasing influence of women on urban spaces and landscapes intensifies the necessity of deep scrutiny. Recently, security is being considered as an important issue for women and women tend to be present at urban spaces more; however, all different types of space are not considered secured enough for women. The absence of women architects and urbanists in the professional community despite the large population of women graduate from Iranian universities accentuates the problem. This research seeks to understand whether urban spaces and landscapes can be regarded as feminine spaces. This paper a review research and the literature and the research problem are described by emphasis on library documentation research method.

Background: The immune properties of mothers’ milk are well known. But the effects of physical activity on humeral immune properties of mothers’ milk is still undetermined. Therefore, reports on the impact of exercise on IgA concentrations of mothers’ milk is controversial. The purpose of the present study was the investigation of the effects of selected aerobic exercises in maximum intensity of 60-70% of heart rate reserve on IgA concentrations in breast milk as well as body composition. Method: In this research, 28 sedentary women (29±5.7 years; VO2max 36±4 ml/Kg/min), divided into two exercise and control groups through random sampling, took part. The exercise group performed some particular exercises for 10 weeks whereas the control group did not do so. Milk samples were taken from both groups and measured by the ELISA method. Body composition was also measured in different stages of the study. Results: In the rest status, the two groups were identical in terms of IgA concentrations (p= 0.549) and body composition (p=0.204). IgA concentrations under exercise load of 60% (p=0.060) and 70% (p= 0.001) of the HRR respectively showed a significant increase as compared to the resting status mean values in the two groups. Body composition variables were only of significant values in terms of comparing the general effects, only in the factors of group (p=0.003) and reciprocal effect of the grouping - the duration of the exercises (p=0.024). Conclusions: The results of this research show that, under the effects of moderate intensity exercise, the mothers’ secretory immune system experiences some changes. Therefore, IgA concentrations in the milk increase. In addition, with the reduction of fat weight, the decrease of fat mass percentage, and increase in the body density, the level of the mothers’ aerobic fitness is increased, which is in no contradiction with their lactation performance.

Purpose: The main purpose of this research was to study the challenges, opportunities and solutions of the championship sports for Iranian women. Method: The research method was mixed,and different methods were applied to serve the purpose of this research. The research sample was selected from the main population (N=172) following Morgan’s sample size determination (118). Open and closed questionnaires were used to measure the effect of each of the challenges and opportunities with a Likert's five-item scale. Results: The findings showed that 9 opportunities and 19 challenges exist regarding Iranian women’s championship sports. Conclusions: Though investigations of women’s sports in internal and external fields show progress in Iranian women’s sports, they do not show any desirable growth compared to male sports, which isdue to social restrictions and other factors.

The aim of this study is to carry out an empirical study of constraint factors in recreational sporting activities. More specifically it tests the model of constraints (intra-personal, interpersonal, and structural), as proposed by Crawford et al. (1991), and its relationship with actual participation levels in specific recreational sports activities in Iran. Although there is a growing body of study in the USA, Canada, and United Kingdom into gender differences in leisure opportunities and behavior, Little is known about leisure activities in Iran. The maim purpose of this study is about the factors prohibiting female student at Khorasgan Azad Islamic University to participate in recreation sporting activities. This paper presents the findings of an exploratory investigation into factors influencing the recreational sporting activities. The data was collected by means of a self-administered questionnaire among three hundreds (300) female students who were participated in recreational sporting activities (102 individuals once or more per week, 129 individuals once or more per month, and 69 individuals once per year or more). Leisure constraints factors used in this study named as lack of time, lack of money, lack of facilities, transportation, social relations, lack of interest, unawareness, lack of skill and ability, and health and fitness problems. The findings showed that significant differences was found among constraint factors such as lack of time, lack of money, transportation, lack of interest, unawareness, lack of skill and ability, and health and fitness problems. These findings have theoretical and practical implications, which are discussed.

In this study, the issue of using Instagram social network by different groups of Iranian women and their interests and desires in publication of photos is investigated. The purpose of the study is to identify the common aspects and differences in women’s lives reflected in their self-expression efforts based on their social characteristics. Therefore, the women were classified into eight groups based on the elements affecting the way they show their daily lives, such as education level, occupation and marital status. Then, qualitative method, including virtual ethnographic techniques, content analysis and online interviews, was used. Photos posted on Instagram by 32 users were studied and analyzed, and these users were interviewed. Questions were asked about their tendency towards posting photos of their daily lives on Instagram via direct messages. The conceptual framework of the study included Bourdieu’s theory of ‘distinction’ and Baudrillard’s concept of ‘system of objects’. Results showed that women in each group select specific approaches to the publication of photos based on their social conditions. In the present article, these differences are discussed in detail. The significance of this research lies in the<span class="tlid-translation"> possibility of understanding different aspects of women’s everyday life and their individual identity through self-reports in the new media as opposed to the traditional media which only presents a standardized type of identification. Since studying women’s efforts in presenting themselves on social media has been neglected in studies conducted on social networks in Iran, this study leads to a better understanding of Iranian women’s diverse identities.

Sexual harassment at workplace is a phenomenon that has many implications for women. Also, organizations and other employees are not immune to the devastating consequences of sexual harassment against women. Victimized women respond to harassment differently, such as silence, tolerance, bullying and aggression, leaving the workplace and even positive responding to sexual demands. In this article, in-depth interviews with victims will address the reactions and effects of harassment. We have also used the same tool to analyze the consequences of sexual harassment in organizations. The main questions of the study were the type of victim response to the harasser, the impact of the harassment on the victim, and the organization or other staff. The findings are obtained from interpretation and classification of in-depth and semi-structured interviews with 25 women in 23-47 age groups. They were selected from those with bachelor and doctoral degrees and working in government and private sectors. In order to obtain data, 5 open-ended and semi-structured interviews were conducted with 5 managers and administrative and financial assistants of public and private companies. The results of qualitative content analysis of interviews with victims, focused group, and the organizational management panel showed that women's responses differed by education, age, public or workplace privacy, from fear and silence to aggressive responses and complaints. And even retreats toward harassers were different. From individual perspective, harassment causes depression, morbid fears, prolonged anxiety, pessimism and suspicion, physical illness, labeling and social isolation. From an organizational point of view, there is virtually no protection mechanism for victims, which results in the abandonment of work, unwanted displacements, harassing dismissals, and even harassment and reduced organizational productivity.

Leisure is an opportunity for self-development, self-definition and community rejuvenation, acquisition of experience and development of social interactions. However, it is "relatively" free and constrained by factors such as gender, cultural and social policies governing societies. The current study is aimed at examining married women's leisure problems in Tehran from the viewpoint of experts. The research method is qualitative while the Thematic Analysis is used for data analysis and the illustrated problems. 23 semi-structured interviews conducted with three groups of experts (policymakers, executives and university professors). Two global themes of "Intra-governmental" and "Extra-governmental" problems are taken through the experts on the leisure problems of the target group. "Marginalization", "inequality and discrimination", "scattered policy making and implementation", "demonstrative policies" and "apathy" are "Intra-governmental problems" whereas "restriction", "excess and negligence in leisure activities" and "body as project" are forming "Extra-governmental problems". The results of this study illustrate that leisure problems for married women in Tehran have a cultural root and are caused by "cultural neglect and misunderstanding". Thus, cultural solutions can provide a framework for other solutions to function.

Introduction: This study aimed to investigate the onset time and the electromyographic activity level of the selected lower limb muscles in the active and inactive old women.Materials and Methods: In this case-control study, 28 old women with a Mean±SD age of 61.07±0.88 years were selected in the inactive (15 people) and active (13 people) groups. The electrical activity of the selected muscles of the lower limbs was collected by the EMG device in a stair down movement. Results: The onset time of tibialis anterior, vastus lateralis, and biceps femoris muscles are faster in the active group (p <0.05). Besides, the activity level of the rectus femoris muscle in the interval of 100 ms before the initial contact and the ratio of the vastus medialis muscle to the biceps femoris muscle was significantly lower (p <0.05) in the active group.Conclusion: It seems that the muscles of the lower limbs in the group of women with regular physical activity are activated faster than the inactive group and the decrease in the activity of the rectus femoris muscle and the ratio of the vastus medialis to the biceps femoris muscle in the active women may be accompanied by fatigue and reduced intra-articular forces. Therefore, it is recommended that old women participate in regular and active exercise programs to improve their onset times of muscle activity.

Abu Nasr Farabi focuses on influence of the music on emotions and emotional problems including extreme emotions and moods. But how effective is music in changing a specific emotional issue? This essay reports what is probably the first scientific study of the effect of music on a precise extreme mood. Using a randomized experiment, we measure how a music affects sexism. More specifically, the experiment measures the extent to which a piece of music that we have created weakens the belief among some Muslims that women are not as suitable as men for positions of chairmanship. We find that the music reduces sexism by 22.48 percent, compared to a control treatment that presents the same argument and story verbally. Results, moreover, indicate that prejudice against women is not an inherent feature of Islam and is rather a function of the descriptive beliefs that prevail in some Islamic societies regarding women’s capabilities.

The family is the most important element of society and therefore the health of the family depends on the relationship between husband and wife and one of the most important issues between couples is the issue of sexual satisfaction. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of mindfulness training in improving sexual satisfaction in married women. The present study was a quasi-experimental method with a control and experimental group. The study population was all married women aged 25 to 40 years in Sirjan. The sample size was 30 women in experimental (n = 15) and control (n = 15) groups. The sampling method was available by sampling method. The method of data collection was sexual satisfaction questionnaire and the experimental group was trained in mindfulness training in 8 sessions of 60 minutes. Data were analyzed by analysis of covariance. The results of the research hypothesis showed that mindfulness increases sexual satisfaction among married women.

Few studies have examined the influence of cognitive therapy on schemas in women with psychological disorders. This study explores the effect of mindfulness therapy on early maladaptive schemas of behavioural mistrust and the abandonment instability of 60 women with depression who had been referred to a psychological clinic. The methodology of this study was quasi-experimental with pre-test and post-test design. All participants were randomly placed into experimental (30 individuals) and control (30 individuals) groups and answered Young's Early maladaptive schema questionnaire before and after the treatments. The experimental group received a cognitive intervention program based on mindfulness therapy during eight sessions (90 minutes). Covariance analysis was conducted, and the result indicated the positive effect of mindfulness therapy on the experimental group, not the control group. The result suggested that mindfulness treatment positively affects the early maladaptive schemas of behavioural mistrust and abandonment instability in women with depression

Background:The aim of this research was to study the role of emotion failures and social well-being in predicting violence against women. Materials and Methods:This research was descriptive and correlational. The population under study was all women applicants for divorce in Ardabil city in 2016 from among whom 106 were selected by available sampling method. Tools of data collection were the scale of violence against women, and questionnaires of alexithymia and social well-being. Data analysis was done through Pearson correlation and Multiple Linear regression. Results:The results indicated that there was a significant positive correlation between alexithymia and violence against women (P<0/05). Moreover, there was a significant negative relationship between social well-being and violence against women (P<0/05). The results of regression analysis showed that 64 percent of the variance of violence against women was significantly explained by emotion failures and social well-being variables. Conclusions:According to the findings it can be concluded that the recognition of emotions at the individual level as well as the identification and description of emotions and awareness of emotions can be effective in improving couples' relationships and reducing family violence. Besides, contributing ourselves in the family and society and accepting the community and its members with its weaknesses and strengths and having effective relations with close people and supporting people leads to a reduction in violence against women.

Type 2 diabetes is conceptualized as a complex interaction of psycho-physiological factors, so it is necessary to consider the factors against this chronic disease. Accordingly, the present study aimed to compare the effectiveness of emotional regulation training and autogenic training on the perceived anxiety control in women with type 2 diabetes. Using a quasi-experimental method with pretest-posttest design, 33 women with type 2 diabetes were selected through purposive sampling from Tehran and randomly assigned in two experimental groups and one control group. Members of each experimental group received emotional regulation training and autogenic training in ten 90-minute sessions, separately. All respondents were asked to answer the items of demographic information and the Percieved Anxiety Control Questionnaire (ACQ) before and after interventions. To analyze data, MANOVA and Schefee post hoctest were used as statistical methods. The results of analysis showed that both interventions were effective in increasing the perceived anxiety control (p <0.05), but the difference between the two groups was not significant (p> 0.05). Explaining the effectiveness of the interventions, it can be said that both trainings have been able to increase the perceived anxiety control through special techniques, hence using them along with medical treatments is recommended.

Introduction: This research aimed to compare the effects of the Williams and core stability training on dynamic balance and back pain in women with chronic back pain.  Materials and Methods: In total, 45 women with chronic back pain were selected as the available sample and were randomly divided into 3 groups of 15 participants, including core stability, Williams, and control. Before the beginning and the end of the training period, the dynamic balance with the Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT) and low back pain with Québec Questionnaire was measured. To analyze the obtained data, Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) was used in SPSS at P<0.05. Results: The present study findings revealed a significant difference in core stability and Williams training on dynamic balance and improvement in the extent of low back pain in the study participants. There was a significant difference between the training groups in dynamic balance; however, there was no significant difference in the improvement of low back pain between the experimental groups. Conclusion: To improve dynamic balance, a core stability training program is recommended, and Williams’ flexor movements are more appropriate for reducing low back pain.

This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of cognitive hypnosis therapy on sexual desire and marital satisfaction of women. The study's design was semi-experimental and pre-test and post-test with the control group. The statistical population included all women referred to Babolsar Eltiam psychological clinic and then 22 women were selected by available sampling method and randomly assigned to experimental and control groups (11 women for each group). The experimental group was received cognitive hypnotherapy for 11 sessions and each session lasting 90 minutes; while the control group did not receive any intervention during this research. Both groups compeleted the Apt and Halbert (HISD) Sex Desire Scale and Enrich Marital Satisfaction Scale (ESQ-47) in two stages of pre-test and post-test. The collected data were analyzed using covariance analysis statistical method. The results of covariance analysis showed a significant difference between the performance of both experimental and control groups in the scores of developmental functions of Sexual Desire and marital satisfaction in post-test stage (P<0/001) Based on the findings of the study, it can be concluded that cognitive hypnosis therapy is effective in increasing marital satisfaction and improving women's Sex Desire. Consequently, marital satisfaction and improve women's Sex Desire promote by cognitive hypnosis therapy.

Depuis longtemps, la place de la femme dans la société a été le sujet de maintes controverses dans les études critiques qui se centraient surtout sur les protagonistes féminins des ouvrages littéraires. Le personnage du récit est l’un des éléments constitutifs dans le processus de narration dont les caractéristiques, psychologiques et physiques, attribuées par l'auteur font non seulement progresser le récit, mais sont aussi représentatives de la société du texte ainsi que la société de référence. De ce fait, nous avons décidé d’entreprendre une étude comparative des personnages féminins dans certaines œuvres de Colette et d’Anna Gavalda, dans un cadre sociocritique et selon les théories de Claude Duchet, afin de distinguer la place de la femme et son évolution dans la société du XXe siècle. Les héroïnes dans les œuvres de Colette et de Gavalda présentent-elles des ressemblances ou des différences ? Comment les personnages féminins de la société du texte sont-elles le reflet des femmes dans la société de référence ?   Cette recherche nous a prouvé que le choix des personnages féminins chez ces deux écrivaines était significatif, du fait qu'ils sont chacun en quelque sorte, le double de leur créatrice et le miroir de la société de l’époque.

Developments and accomplishments of the newly founded Republic of Turkey in the first half of the 20 th century had long been the focus of Reza Khan, the Pahlavi ruler of Iran. He considered Atatürk and his actions to be a good model for modern life. After ascending the throne, in parallel with the implementation of Western models, he applied the dominant thinking of Turkey about people’s way of life. Emphasis on the role of women, believing that the backwardness of social organization is the reason for the humiliation of women in the society, was closely pursued by Reza Shah as an important policy and as an ideology of his governance. Among special features and components of women's issues are their presence in the social fields, clothing, health, work and financial independence, and their education, which are addressed comparatively. The main question of this article is that despite the policies of Reza Shah's government regarding women, following the example of Atatürk, what similar achievement was made? If not, what were the reasons for this? The present article tries to identify different aspects of Iran and Turkey by using archival documents, newspapers, written sources, historical researches, and descriptive-analytical methods in examining instances of modernization by imitating Turkey. The result confirms the main point that it is not correct to equate the social modernization activities of Reza Shah and Atatürk. The personality structure, the level of knowledge and awareness, and how the two came to power had a different process, and finally, the society's approach to their position in power was also different. Reza Shah's perspective with Atatürk on women's issues and the actions taken by each of them to change the position of women followed different conditions, reactions, and consequences, which in this article is highlighted using a grounded theory and a background study on issues and finally an appropriate analysis is made based on the author's perception.

Non-governmental organizations as the third pillar and representative of civil society play a main role in socially excluded groups’ access to their citizenship rights including women. The most important aspect of citizenship is social citizenship which has a close relationship with public sphere. It seems that NGOs play a substantial role in facilitating women’s access to their social rights; however, their role, efficiency and effectiveness in realizing this goal are disputed by experts. The purpose of this study is to investigate efficiency of non-governmental organizations in women’s access to their social citizenship rights in Iran. This research has been conducted by a quantitative approach, survey method and questionnaire tool. The questionnaire, consisting of effective factors, was developed by library method and was presented to experts of women study in order to examine its face validity. The data of this study was gathered from three groups including 30 scientific and executive experts, 10 NGO managers and 319 people of NGO’s target population which were selected via stratified sampling. Data analysis rejected hypothesis of high efficiency and great power of NGOs in women’s access to their social citizenship rights in Iran.

Objective: Considering domestic violence occurs in the context of marital relationship, it seems necessary to examine the individual characteristics of each couple in the occurrence of this phenomenon. Therefore, the purpose of this study was Comparison of communication skills, Cognitive Emotion Regulation Strategies and Communication Patterns in Women with and Without Experience of Domestic Violence. Methods: The present study was an analytical-comparative study. The statistical populations of this study were all women of Rasht city in the 2018 year. Among these women, 120 persons were considered as a research sample; of these, 60 people in the group of women with experience of violence were selected using available sampling method and 60 people in the group of women without experience of violence were selected using cluster sampling method. Data measurement tools in this study were Communication Skills Questionnaire (CSTRQ), Marital Relationship Patterns Questionnaire (CPQ) and Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ). The data of this study were analyzed using independent t-test in SPSS 21. Results:  The results showed that there was a significant difference between communication skills and communication patterns of constructive interaction and withdrawal-belonging pattern in women with and without experience of domestic violence (P <0.05). However, no significant difference was observed between the two groups in terms of communication pattern of mutual avoidance and cognitive regulation of emotion. Conclusion: Considering the important role of communication skills and patterns in the occurrence or prevention of domestic violence, communication skills training in premarital counseling and marital counseling seems necessary.