مطالب

A Reviving Rationality Theory offers a knowledge-based and practical framework to rebuild rational thinking in response to the complex crisis of our time. This crisis comes from the limits of traditional rationality, modern instrumental rationality, and postmodern relativism, which have led to stagnation, alienation, environmental destruction, and theoretical paralysis. Reviving Rationality defines rationality as an evolving system of knowledge and action based on three principles: coherent epistemic pluralism, constructive criticism, and evolutionary responsibility. Using multilayered critical realism, it examines reality at four levels (empirical, event-based, structural, and evolutionary) and draws knowledge from five sources (logical reasoning, empirical experience, practical intuition, social dialogue, and historical wisdom). By solving the paradox of fallibilism through distinguishing between the content, method, and purpose of knowledge, and emphasizing human dignity as a core principle for both knowledge and action, this theory moves beyond classic dualities like structure versus freedom or individual versus society. It systematically critiques instrumental rationality, postmodern relativism, and static traditionalism, proposing a three-stage process (analysis, synthesis, decision) and four criteria (logical coherence, alignment with evidence, practical effectiveness, and ethical consistency) to evaluate beliefs and decisions. Reviving Rationality is not a return to traditional or modern rationality, nor a full acceptance of postmodern critiques; instead, it provides an evolutionary, responsible, and inclusive framework that combines the strengths of scientific methods and logical analysis with diverse knowledge sources and ethical considerations to tackle complex issues like climate change and social inequality. This framework is a theoretical tool for rational and humane thinking, open to critique and improvement.

The Neighborhood Rough Set (NRST) method is a valuable approach for selecting a subset of features from a complete dataset, enabling us to preserve the essential information that the entire feature set provides. In financial datasets, which often contain high-dimensional input features, effective feature selection techniques are crucial to identify the features that yield the most predictable results. In this work, we use neighborhood concepts to discover data dependencies and reduce the number of features in a financial dataset based solely on the data itself, without relying on additional information. This process also includes removing extra features. To facilitate a simple algorithm, we use the properties of neighbourhood rough sets to formulate a Binary Integer Linear Programming (BILP) model. Optimal solutions to these problems are obtained using genetic algorithms. Our approach allows for feature reduction from minimum to maximum cardinality. We demonstrate the efficiency of our proposed method compared to other techniques through various tables showing the results on several benchmark datasets characterized by unbalanced class distributions. The financial dataset used in the present study is taken from the UCI Machine Learning Repository.

Purpose : This research aims to develop an advertising policy model in digital marketing based on eye tracking. Method : The research method is qualitative and based on grounded theory. Semi-structured interviews were used to collect information, and data analysis was performed using the Strauss and Corbin method and the paradigm model. Sampling was theoretical sampling using targeted (judgmental) techniques, based on which 15 interviews were conducted with managers and marketing and advertising experts. Findings : The findings of the research show that during the process of open, central and selective coding, the advertising policy model based on the use of eye tracking consists of Causal categories that include Advertising content, Quality of environmental advertising and Promotional features; contextual categories consist of advertising slogans,  billboard elements, analysis of customer eye movements;  intervening categories consist of online advertising,  advertising costs, advertising through media and mass communication; Central categories that consist of environmental advertising status, development of advertising influence, effective advertising on customers' intentions; category of strategies includes advertising message attractions, evaluation of target environmental advertising selection process, advertising based on customers' taste; consequence category includes competitive advantage, currency innovation, Promotion of strategic marketing decisions. Conclusion : The study concludes that the eye tracking-based advertising policy model provides a comprehensive framework for enhancing advertising strategies. The model emphasizes the importance of considering various factors such as advertising content, consumer behavior, and contextual elements in developing effective advertising campaigns. The research highlights the potential of eye tracking in optimizing advertisements and gaining a competitive edge in the market. From a managerial perspective, the model offers actionable insights for marketers to improve customer engagement and increase advertising effectiveness by leveraging eye tracking data. It also suggests that advertisements should be tailored to consumer preferences and the context in which they are viewed. The study advocates for further research in this area to broaden the application of eye tracking technology in other marketing domains and service sectors. From an academic standpoint, this research contributes to the limited body of knowledge regarding environmental advertising and the use of eye tracking in marketing. It provides a foundation for future studies to explore the relationship between visual marketing and consumer behavior, offering insights that could foster innovative advertising strategies in the digital marketing field.

Introduction: In democratic systems, the moral characteristics of presidential candidates play a significant role in political legitimacy and public trust. Two fundamental ethical principles in this context are accountability and trustworthiness, which manifest through legal principles and statutory duties. Accountability refers to accepting the consequences of decisions and being answerable to the people and institutions, while trustworthiness implies safeguarding public interests and preventing the abuse of power. Therefore, the present study aims to examine the ethical components of accountability and trustworthiness among presidential election candidates within the legal frameworks of Iran and Iraq. Material and Methods: The present study is a review that examines responsibility and trustworthiness of presidential election candidates in the legal systems of Iran and Iraq. In order to achieve this goal, related articles and books were examined. Conclusion: From a legal standpoint, Article 115 of the Iranian Constitution stipulates that the president must be "a manager and prudent," which inherently requires accountability. Furthermore, Islamic ethical teachings place strong emphasis on rulers being responsible and answerable (such as the hadith: "Each of you is a shepherd, and each of you is responsible for his flock"), and in this regard, the Guardian Council oversees candidates' qualifications with attention to their sense of responsibility. In Iraq’s legal system, Article 68 of the Constitution requires the president to have a good reputation, competence, and loyalty to the country. Based on Islamic ethical teachings and tribal traditions in Iraq, accountability is also considered a value.

Masculinity, unlike femininity, have long been left understudied by the scholars. This originated from the essentialist idea that men and masculinity are natural, and subsequently had been taken for granted. They were, not required to be studied. Men, were deemed as the agents who gazed and studied. However with the advent of structuralist and poststructuralist ideas in humanities and specially in social theory, masculinity attracted attentions. No longer was masculinity considered natural, God-given. Now the new theories regarded masculinity as a constructed phenomenon subject to cultural, structural, discursive, and material forces. Therefore it was inevitably subject to change, It was no longer seen as an essential entity. These theoretical inventions spread, though belatedly, into the realm of literary studies. Literary works, especially fiction, provides a very rich material to explore the dynamics and nuances of theory. The present article sets to apply the theories in the field of masculinity studies from social theory to a novel by the British-Syrian writer Robin Yassin Kassab. The Road from Damascus could be useful text to investigate how masculinity produced and reproduced, how it constructed and changed as men experience different social structures. The novel, successfully, takes masculinity as a sign whose significance alters as it moves from one structure to another. A significant aspect of the novel is its focus on immigrant people in the cultural space of England. The article would investigate how the two “modalities” masculinity and immigration would invite new meanings into the previous studies done on the work.

Critical Incidents (CIs) have become central to language teacher development by promoting reflective practice, a key element of teacher education. This study examines critical incidents (CIs) in English as a Foreign Language (EFL) classes in public high schools. Researchers conducted semi-structured interviews with 10 teachers and 15 students across 7 public schools, analyzing narratives using thematic analysis within a complexity theory framework. Three themes emerged: Teaching high and lows, classroom management issues, and language proficiency. Teachers felt challenged by the frequent number of CIs, associating their management skills and immunity with their response to these events, and viewed Iranian public schools as particularly susceptible. Similarly, students highlighted both the negative and positive aspects of CIs and noted cultural diversity and language skills as key factors. The study's findings align with complexity theory by highlighting the dynamic, interconnected, and adaptive nature of teaching and learning in public schools. The emergent patterns of emotional responses, classroom management strategies, and language proficiency interactions reflect the principles of sensitivity to initial conditions, self-organization, and co-evolution.

Introduction: The rapid expansion of the Internet of Things (IoT) as one of the most transformative technologies of the digital age has led to the production and processing of vast volumes of personal and contextual data. While this transformation offers significant opportunities to improve quality of life, it also generates profound ethical challenges, particularly in the areas of privacy and data management. The invisible, automated, and pervasive nature of data collection within the IoT ecosystem calls into question traditional concepts of informed consent, individual control over data, and ethical accountability, and intensifies risks such as pervasive surveillance, data misuse, information insecurity, and the erosion of individual autonomy. Material and Methods: This article adopts a review–analytical approach to examine the scientific literature related to data ethics and privacy in the Internet of Things. Based on existing studies, it explores the foundational aspects of the topic and ultimately draws conclusions from the information reviewed. Conclusion: The study demonstrates that privacy in this context requires a contextual and relational redefinition. The findings indicate that ethical responsibility within the IoT data cycle is distributed in nature, and that multiple actors-from designers and companies to governments-play a fundamental role in upholding principles of data ethics. Ultimately, it can be argued that adherence to data ethics and privacy principles is a prerequisite for the formation of social trust and the sustainable acceptance of the Internet of Things. Without simultaneous attention to technical, ethical, and social dimensions, the development of this technology will face serious challenges.