مطالب

SUBJECT AND OBJECTIVES : The effect of time and place in rulings is accepted by all Islamic scholars; but in relation to applying rulings to examples and determining the scope of authority of the Islamic ruler, less work has been done in relation to the rulings.  Especially regarding the first ruling on the belongings of zakat, two opinions have been raised by the jurists- obligatory and desirable- and the main reason for the difference is the conflicting traditions. METHOD AND FINDING : This research is about the role of time and place in the obligation of zakat property, based on a descriptive and analytical research methods. It seems that in the present era, due to the role of time and place in the belongings of zakat, it is necessary to develop zakat items, and this matter is proved by the various evidences mentioned in this article. All Islamic scholars recognise the effect of time and place in rulings. Particularly regarding the first ruling on the belongings of zakat, two opinions have been raised by jurists- obligatory and desirable- and they are the main reason for the difference in conflicting traditions. CONCLUSION : According to today's developments and changes in societal needs, as well as the philosophy of zakat legislation, which is to satisfy material needs and revitalise human spiritual life, the zakat belongings should be reconsidered, and societal needs should be based on the discretion of the Islamic ruler and changes. to identify an additional source of wealth, it would seem that developing the issue of zakat things is necessary in the modern day given the importance of time and place in zakat possessions.

Virtual education will be an effective educational system in the effective learning of students during the outbreak of Covid-19 and after its eradication. This study aims to identify the challenges of distance education from the view point of Islamic Azad University students under Covid-19 pandemic So the research method is qualitative(grounded theory). In total, 40 MSc students of Electronic Management in the second semester of 2019-2020 were selected by purposive sampling in order to participate in structured interviews. Thematic analysis of the data obtained from the interviews was performed, and the approaches of member check and peer debriefing were used to approve the results’ credibility. Notably, the results were modified in several steps. In addition, the reliability coefficient between the encoders (75%) was applied to evaluate reliability. Data analysis was performed in Maxqda 12. According to the results, challenges of distance education for students included two individual and organizational dimensions, seven educational (11 items), communication (9 items), managerial (11 items), structural (6 items), technological (9 items), cultural (8 items), and personality component (6 items), and 60 indexes for distance learning during COVID-19 pandemic.

Traditionally, Sufis, jurists, philosophers, and theologians, are known as different schools of Islamic thought, each of which has its own approach to Islamic education. However, from the 19th century onwards, another powerful approach emerged: political Islam, which also had a different conception of Islamic education. The present study tries to explain how the political conception of Islamic education was formulated in this approach. To achieve this goal, al-Afghani's ideas have been examined. Al-Afghani was one of the first Islamic theologians who formulated modern political Islam and called for accepting modern values because of their consonance with Islamic values. This article, interprets Al-Afghānī’s political theology as an emancipatory proclamation that aimed at the liberation of Muslims. His emancipatory attitude concentrated on the cultural reform; and the education of the nation was the core of this cultural reform. He believed that a general education system must be established that all people enjoy from childhood; and the core of the curriculum of this education should be based on political education with the theme of the greatness of the nation.

The deepest and most rooted form of racism can be found in the Bible which claims the superiority of a race as God's demand or divine destination. But this idea survived in modern philosophy by appeal to the different methods. In this paper I will introduce methods of justifying racism, most of which are in the philosophical context. Legal racism claims that some races have not enough reason to be members of civil society and enjoy their rights. Racism in its historical method, claims that the history of thought has shown that some races play a major role in the production of thought and this is a result of their superiority. In philosophical method, it is argued that some of the human capabilities in some species have not been activated and finally in scientific method, it is claimed that the superiority of one race in the struggle for survival is a scientific achievement of the scientific laws such as Evolution hypothesis.

Background and Aim: Derrida's Deconstruction has key elements in the schema that affect current realms of environmental graphics. The challenges in current urban life require that graphic science gets involved, at some level, in the architecture and the environment. Therefore, the purpose of the current study was to examine the effects of using key elements of environmental graphics based on Derrida's Deconstruction in the schemata of tourists in Isfahan. Methods: library archives and field surveys were employed for data collection in this study. As such, the visual, emotional evidence and documents in the library archives were used to evaluate the criteria involved. Considering the nature of the study, the statistical population consisted of two groups of citizens of Isfahan. The first group includes 18 experts, and the second includes 213 domestic tourists in Isfahan in 2019. Findings: The results of the study indicated that there is a strong and significant relationship between the variables of balance, continuity in the environment, creating unity in the environment, diversity in the environment, texture and light. Furthermore, the findings revealed that the variable of light is extremely strong in correlation, the variable of emphasis in the environment has a very weak correlation, and the variable of proportionality is negatively correlated. Also, based on the beta coefficient obtained from regression, the greatest impact pertained to the components of light, diversity, texture, balance, continuity, unity in the environment, proportionality and emphasis. Conclusion: This study showed a significant relationship between the schemata of tourists and context, diversity, light, unity in the environment, proportionality, continuity, balance and emphasis, among which the variable of light was determined to have the greatest effect.