مطالب

This paper explored how social variables such as gender, education, and age influence linguistic variation between the speech communities of Karbala and Baghdad. The study examined phonological, syntactic, and semantic variations within these communities, using a sociolinguistic lens. A total of 192 participants were selected, stratified by gender, age, education, and region, with data collected through sociolinguistic interviews. The results indicated that gender and education significantly impact the phonological features, while age influenced syntactic patterns. The study’s findings provide valuable understanding about the complex dynamics of linguistic variation in Iraq, offering new perspectives on the role of social factors in shaping local dialects. These results are consistent with previous sociolinguistic studies, yet they offer distinct contributions to our understanding of Iraqi dialectology. The field of sociolinguistics explores how social factors such as gender, age, education, and social class influence language use. This intersection of social characteristics and linguistic behavior becomes particularly pronounced in societies with significant dialectal diversity. Iraq, with its rich geographical, social, and linguistic diversity, presents an ideal setting for investigating these dynamics. The country is home to numerous dialects that reflect the historical, social, and cultural experiences of its people. Among Iraq's cities, Baghdad and Karbala stand out as unique linguistic environments that offer valuable insights into the relationship between social factors and language variation.

INTRODUCTION: The Red Crescent Society (RCS), as a non-profit organization and a member of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, engages in relief, humanitarian and public benefit activities, which are influenced by the nature of volunteerism. The purpose of this research is to evaluate and rank the career motivation of two groups of athletes and non-athletes volunteers of the IRCS. METHODS: In this applied survey, data were collected based on Self-Determination Theory framework through a standard questionnaire with stratified random sampling. Due to the Coronavirus situation in the country, questionnaires were sent online to 30,000 young members of the RCS Youth Organization throughout the country which 2815 questionnaires were answered. The data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical methods and SPSS-26 software. FINDINGS: According to the findings, the career motivation components of the volunteers in the non-athlete group in order of prioritization are as follows: extrinsic (identified regulation), intrinsic; external (introjected regulation, integrated regulation and externalized regulation) and in the athlete group in order of prioritization is such as: intrinsic motivation; extrinsic (identified regulation); external (introjected regulation, integrated regulation and externalized regulation). CONCLUSION: According to the results, it can be stated that there is a significant difference in the ranking of voluntary career motivation components between athletes and non-athletes volunteer members of the RCS. On this basis, the RCS must have a proper understanding of the difference in the motivational components of people of different age, cultural, gender, etc., in order to improve the level of its social capital.

Objective: Psychological factors play a decisive role in the occurrence and experience of pain disorders. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of emotion-focused therapy and cognitive behavioral therapy on alexithymia and difficulty in emotion regulation in patients with pain disorder. Method : The method of the present study was quasi-experimental with a pretest-posttest design and control group and a two-month follow-up. The statistical population of the study included all women who were referred to Manoushan and Behsa counseling centers in Tehran with psychosomatic problems and pain. Sixty people from this population were selected and randomly divided into three groups (20 people in each group). Research instruments included the Toronto Emotional Dysfunction Scale (Bugby et al., 1994) and the Difficulty in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) (Gertz & Roemer, 2004). One group received 12 one-hour sessions of emotion-focused therapy, and another group received 10 one-hour sessions of cognitive behavioral therapy. However, the control group did not receive any intervention during the study. In addition to descriptive statistics, mixed variance analysis and Ben Foroni post hoc test were used to analyze the research data.   Results : The results for alexithymia showed that the emotionally focused therapy group had a significantly lower mean than the cognitive behavioral group (P= 0.02) and the control group (P 0.001), and the cognitive-behavioral group had a significantly higher mean compared to the control group (P = 0.001). Also, the results for the difficulty in emotion regulation showed that the emotionally focused group and the cognitive-behavioral group have significantly lower means compared to the control group (P = 0.001). Conclusions : The results of the present study, in addition to confirming the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy, indicated that emotion-focused therapy is a more effective treatment for alexithymia. As a result, emotion-focused therapy can be considered an effective treatment that can be used by health professionals to treat pain disorders.