مطالب

The disappearance of bipolar system following the disintegration of the Soviet :union:, has also changed many strategic concepts. Central Asia, as a part of the Soviet empire, has become an arena for regional and global challenges after these transformations. The region, already faced with various political, economic, social and cultural problems, soon became a location for the activities of Islamic fundamentalists, which in turn intensified regional crisis. Different socio-political problems made the ground for these activities. The basic question of this paper is: What is the role of NATO enlargement and its effects on security provision in Central Asia? This paper tries to answer that, “what role can NATO play in Central Asia in order to provide security in this region specially after September 11th and the following events”. Based on current security issues in Central Asia, America has seriously emphasized on socio-economic reforms under the” Greater Middle East” framework. Central Asian leaders are obliged to control political, social and economic crisis to prevent terrorist acts and reduce public dissatisfaction. Political transformations following the Soviet :union: collapse have clearly revealed that the roots of threat and instability in Central Asia are essentially internal. Sooner or later, leaders of these states have to resolve these threats, based on a clear understanding of regional sociopolitical realities.

This article depicts the difficulties met while dealing with the history of modern surgery in the Arab and Muslim world. Some of these obstacles are linked to the lack of organized archives, the rarity of secondary literature and tentative syntheses in the field. Others are of more epistemological nature, such as the lack of elaborated problematic and interpretative framework. The author suggests some means to circumvent the listed obstacles. More positively, the history of modern surgery, far from being reducible to a succession of innovation transfers between centers and their peripheries, yields a complex picture of scientists interacting (in local communities as well as diasporas), and is highly revealing of a variety of cultural and religious issues, more or less specific to every society. Finally, such a study promises new venues on the history of the modern body, explored, repaired, restored and potentially reshaped by surgical technics