مطالب

Objective : This study introduces a location-routing model tailored for parcel delivery in large, sparsely populated regions with limited infrastructure. It aims to minimize system costs by optimizing hub placement, city-to-hub assignments, routing paths, and fleet composition. The model accounts for real-world complexities such as diverse vehicle types, flexible delivery time windows, and multiple pickup/delivery paths, offering a strategic planning tool for logistics operations in challenging environments.  Methodology: To solve this NP-hard problem, the researchers reformulated a mixed-integer nonlinear program (MINLP) into a more computationally efficient mixed-integer programming (MIP) model. For larger instances, they developed a two-stage hybrid metaheuristic: the first stage uses an Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) algorithm to explore hub locations and initial allocations, while the second stage applies Simulated Annealing (SA) with local search to optimize routing and assignments. Validation was performed using CPLEX for small instances and benchmarked against a published SA-based method across 75 test scenarios and two real-world case studies from an Iranian parcel delivery company. Results : The hybrid method achieved optimal or near-optimal solutions faster than CPLEX for minor problems and outperformed the SA benchmark for larger ones, improving solution quality by 4% and reducing routes by 11%. The model also increased 24-hour deliveries by 4% without raising costs. The SA phase alone contributed a 1.6% cost reduction by restructuring the network. Case studies confirmed the model’s practical value, consistently identifying robust hub configurations across diverse network scales and operational strategies. Conclusion : This study presents a strategic planning tool for parcel delivery in challenging geographic and infrastructural conditions. It enables logistics managers to minimize operational costs while maintaining stable hub configurations during network expansion. A case study in Iran highlights its long-term value: a four-hub network with a 680 km line-haul limit offers superior nationwide coverage compared to a three-hub setup with a 510 km limit focused on major cities.

This paper responds to the question of should civic education still aim to be relatively politically neutral and impartial in undemocratic times? It first introduces the theoretical debate regarding the place of political neutrality and impartiality in civic education. It then dicusses the challenges that civic education faces in the current global environment and why political neutrality and impartiality should not be considered as antidotes. We argue that political neutrality and impartiality are insufficient in the undemocratic times we face for preparing students to be effective and engaged citizens. A more powerful response to our global undemocratic reality is needed to realize the transformative nature of civic education.