مطالب

در هزاره سوم مولفه ، امنیت دستخوش تغییرات مهمی شده است. انسان به عنوان رکن اصلی در سازمان ها فعال بوده و در جامعه نقش محوری را ایفا می کند. در هزاره سوم یکی از مسائل مهم چالش زیست محیطی می باشد. در این پژوهش با موضوع، انسان، سازمان و اجتماع به آن پرداخته شده است. همچنین چگونگی رابطه ی امنیت با مسئله زیست محیطی بررسی و تبیین گردید. پژوهش حاضر از نظر نوع توصیفی و تحلیلی و از نظر هدف بنیادی می باشد. شیوه جمع آوری اطلاعات هم به روش اسنادی و بااستفاده از روش تحلیل محتوا انجام گرفته است .

The present study strived to determine the degree to which collaborative tasks and EFL learners’ gender affected their flow experiences. To this end, first, the researchers selected 56 intermediate-level EFL learners in two intact classrooms at a private language institute in Urmia (Iran) as the participants. Second, they randomly assigned the classes to an experimental group and a control group. Third, they used a flow state questionnaire to determine the participants’ flow experiences prior to the onset of the study. Fourth, they provided the experimental group with collaborative language learning treatment during 12 sessions. Nonetheless, they deprived the control group of this treatment. Finally, they administered the flow state questionnaire to the groups anew to appraise the efficacy of collaborative tasks for augmenting the participants’ flow experiences. The results indicated that the above-mentioned tasks had an advantageous impact on the EFL learners’ flow state of mind. Furthermore, based on the results, female learners’ flow experiences were more positively affected by the collaborative tasks in comparison with the male learners’ flow experiences. The obtained results may empower the teacher educators, syllabus designers, and researchers to take account of the flow state of mind during the process of language acquisition.

Paralinguistic features are indispensable and crucial aspects of communication without which any utterance would lose its identity. On the other hand, confusion in cross-cultural communication is most often assigned to paralinguistic features. Despite the significant importance of paralinguistic clues in humans’ communication, only limited studies have tackled this issue. More specifically, despite the fact that paralinguistic features are culturally different, no study has investigated the possible relationship between these features and speaking performance of Persian-speaking learners of English. Hence, with this existing gap in the literature, in this study, we tried to scrutinize the impact of paralinguistic cues upon EFL learners’ speaking fluency in the Persian setting. To this objective, we recruited 40 first-year undergraduate female students of Linguistics at the University of Gonabad, utilizing non-random sampling method. Their English proficiency level was determined as lower-intermediate via the administration of Quick Oxford Placement Test. In our pre-test post-test experimental research, we allocated a five-week span of instruction for the purpose of teaching paralinguistic clues to the experimental group to see whether it could have a significant positive impact upon their speaking performance. The instrument we utilized to evaluate speaking capability of our participants was Researcher-Made Speaking Test. The results of our study demonstrated that utilizing paralinguistic features boosted students’ speaking capability. On the light of our finding, it could be concluded that paralinguistic features could be employed for the first-year undergraduate students to enhance their communicative performance. Future studies in diverse EFL settings, could shed light on this conclusion.

Purpose: The activity of plasma liver enzymes is intensified under the influence of sports activities, which is affected by the duration, intensity, type and method of training. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of a special endurance training session on the activity of serum alkaline phosphatase and aspartate aminotransferase liver enzymes in inactive young men. Methods: In this semi-experimental study, 16 young inactive men were purposefully selected and examined in two groups (experimental and control). The experimental group performed Bruce's protocol after preliminary warm-up. Blood samples were collected before the test, immediately after the test, 24 hours and 48 hours after the test from both groups at the same time, and the amount of serum ALP (Alkaline Phosphatase) and AST (Aspartate Transaminase) enzymes were measured using an Auto analyzer. Statistical analysis of the data, independent T-test was used to compare the results of two groups and Bonferroni's post hoc test was used to determine the difference between different stages of sampling with a minimum significance level (P≥0.05). Results: The results of the independent T-test in the comparison between the groups showed that there is a significant difference between the two groups in the amount of ALP enzyme in the time intervals immediately after the activity (P≥0.020), but in the time intervals of 24 (P≥0.177) and 48 hours (P≥0.136), there is no significant difference between the two groups after the activity. The results of the independent T test did not show any significant changes in the amount of AST enzyme in any of the time intervals in the comparison between groups. Conclusion: Fatigue-inducing sports activity leads to an increase in the amount of enzymes, ALP, this increase can be a sign of damage to liver cells or heart muscle. Considering the role of recovery in liver damage, it seems that by considering enough rest time, it is possible to help improve the adaptation process while preventing the occurrence of muscle and liver damage