مطالب

Interkulturelle Kommunikation war immer eine Gelegenheit, andere Gesellschaften kennenzulernen. Durch die enormen Fortschritte in den Kommunikationstechnologien wie dem Internet und den sozialen Medien ist diese Gelegenheit heute mehr denn je verfügbar, was auch bestimmten Personen und Organisationen die Möglichkeit gibt, diese Macht für ihre eigenen Ziele und Vorteile auszunutzen. Im Informationszeitalter und in einer Welt, in der die Menschen immer stärker miteinander verbunden sind, wie die Bewohner eines kleinen Dorfes, wird der Bedarf, die Menschen über diese Ziele zu informieren, stärker empfunden als je zuvor. Diese Situation und ihre Bedeutung waren ein Grund für eine Studie zur Geschichte der interkulturellen Kommunikation zwischen Iran und anderen Ländern, mit einem Fokus auf die Kommunikation zwischen Iran und Deutschland.

Eine der jüngsten Entwicklungen in der Literaturkritik ist die Etablierung des Subgenres der Frauenliteratur und der Frauenkritik, die in den letzten zwei bis drei Jahrzehnten einen erheblichen Teil des literarischen und kritischen Diskurses geprägt hat. Eine der zentralen Fragestellungen dieser Methode war die Identifikation des Frauenliteraturstils sowie die Untersuchung der Unterschiede und Ähnlichkeiten zwischen männlichem und weiblichem Schreiben. In diesem Zusammenhang erweist sich Elaine Showalters Ansatz als besonders umfassend.Ihre Theorie des kritischen Feminismus oder der Tradition des  rauenschreibens stellt den besten und umfassendsten Versuch dar, Frauenliteratur präzise und effektiv zu verstehen. Showalters Hypothese basiert auf drei Stufen und vier Faktoren, nämlich den lebens-kognitiven, kulturellen, psychoanalytischen und sprachlichen Aspekten. In diesem Artikel werden diese vier Faktoren verwendet, um den dominierenden Schreibstil in Nasim Marashis bekanntem Werk „Der Herbst, die letzte Jahreszeit des Jahres“ zu analysieren.Das übergeordnete Ziel dieser Studie ist es, Marashis einzigartige literarische Stimme als Frau zu identifizieren und ihr reiches literarisches Erbe aufzudecken. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Erzählweise von Marashis Roman ihren unverwechselbaren Ton und Stil aus dem Kontext, der Struktur und den Koordinaten des Romans schöpft. Die Figuren der Männer stechen hervor, während die Erforscherin, die Erzählerin des Romans, einen langsamen, femininen und subjektiven Ansatz verfolgt. Sie ist eine einfühlsame und wahrnehmende Frau, die mit ihren eigenen Herausforderungen und Sorgen ringt.

: Sponsorship activities have rapidly emerged as a prominent form of marketing communication aimed at effectively reaching target customers. In contemporary marketing strategies, sponsorship is increasingly recognized as a valuable tool for achieving corporate objectives. This research aims to examine the impact of brand identification stimuli from sports clubs on customer loyalty and the intention to purchase products from sponsoring companies. This study adopts a descriptive-survey methodology, focusing on fans of sports clubs in Mazandaran Province. The sample was determined to be400 individuals, utilizing Cochran's formula for determining sample size in populations with an infinite number of members. A targeted non-random sampling technique was employed. A researcher-developed questionnaire was designed based on a comprehensive review of existing literature. The validity of the questionnaire was affirmed by ten professors in sports management, and its reliability was validated through Cronbach's alpha coefficient. To assess the normality of data distribution, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was conducted, with subsequent data analysis performed using SPSS software. The findings reveal a significant relationship between the four dimensions of brand identity associated with volleyball and football clubs and the sense of belonging fans experience toward their clubs. Furthermore, this sense of belonging influences fans' attitudes and behavioral intentions regarding the products and services offered by their preferred clubs' sponsors. The study recommends that sports marketing managers and club administrators consider the social interests of fans and facilitate the formation of specialized clubs to foster interaction among supporters. Such initiatives could enhance customer engagement and help achieve marketing objectives. Consequently, it is imperative for managers to develop a nuanced understan

According to sociocultural theory, dynamic assessment (DA) merges instruction and assessment. This study attempted to compare the effects of interactionist versus interventionist DA on the writing fluency and complexity of adult versus young IELTS candidates in an international language school in Tehran with the age range of 15-48. One hundred and forty students (90 males and 50 females) who had enrolled in the IELTS preparation course in the spring of 2021 participated in this study. The study participants were divided into four groups namely, young interactionist, young interventionist, adult interactionist, and adult interventionist. The participants in all groups were homogenized based on the result of their performance in a standard version of Preliminary English Test (PET). During the eight-week treatment period, the interactionist groups were given writing tests followed by the instructor’s feedback and guidance, while the interventionist groups received instructions and were given writing test samples without qualitative feedback. The pre-test and post-test comparisons among the four groups by Two Way ANCOVA showed that both young and adult individuals in the interactionist groups had a significant improvement in their writing performance compared to those in the interventionist group. In addition, the study revealed the significant impact of interactionist DA vs. interventionist DA on both young and adult participants' scores in both writing fluency and complexity post-test. Likewise, the results showed no statistically significant interaction between the type of assessment and the candidates’ age. The study presents pedagogical implications for teachers, students, and IELTS preparation program designers.

The idea of populism or Narodniki in Russia has received less attention in Iran because it has been placed in the shadow of Russian communist leftist ideas. Conceptually, this idea is far beyond populism and Russian communism, and has had wide-ranging effects both in Russia and outside of this country. How this thought has been able to be so in-fluential is the main issue in this article that the authors have tried to analyze with the aim of investigating its roots, dimensions and consequences. In fact, the main question is how populist thought appeared in Russia and why did it become an effective and wide-spread trend? The hypothesis of this article is that the idea of populism emerged as a reaction to the neglect of the role of the people in the political life of Russia in the sec-ond half of the 19th century, and because of its acceptance by intellectuals and based on a combination of three British constitutional and democratic views. French socialism and Russian nativism were spread. To investigate this hypothesis, we have used the ana-lytical-descriptive method of political thoughts from the perspective of Thomas Spra-gens and in a qualitative format. The finding of this article is that social issues have aris-en and the intellectual responses of thinkers, despite their own timeliness, have been re-produced in a way for centuries and are still useful and very important for understanding the social and political conditions of the periods after that.

In today's era, there are few governments willing to consider their sovereignty based on domi-nation and force, or hereditary rule and not claiming legitimacy due to the acceptance and support of the people. Although many governments maintain the appearance of democracy (show elections, puppet parties) have an absolute and authoritarian nature. Therefore, observ-ing the principles and determining the principles in the constitution along with the guarantee of implementation is a necessary and sufficient condition for the establishment of democracy in any country. Which provisions of the constitution have satisfied the establishment of de-mocracy in the constitution of Iran? This is the question of this article. The dual control and restraint of power (separation of powers on one hand and the creation of a supervisory body to supervise them on the other) is to control power (check & balance system) and prevent the body of power from violating legal limits and attacking democracy. The following items are among the important means of guaranteeing democracy in Iran's constitution. judicial super-vision (prosecution of crimes caused by abuse of power and civil responsibility); political sur-veillance (investigation, questioning, impeachment); Hierarchical supervision and public su-pervision (parties, publications, commanding good and forbidding evil, principle 8).