مطالب

Introduction: The present study was conducted with the aim of determining the relationship between moral development and wisdom through the mediation of moral intelligence and emotional intelligence. Material and Methods: The research method was descriptive and correlational. The statistical population included students of the University of Jyväskylä in the year 2024. A sample of 120 students was selected using a multi-stage cluster random method. The measurement tools included Webster's Self-Esteem Questionnaire (2007), Schering's Emotional Intelligence (1999), Lennick and Keel's Moral Intelligence (2005), and Graham's Moral Foundations (2007). The structural equation modeling method and Amos23 and SPSS22 software were used to analyze the data. Results: The results showed that the conceptual model of the study had an appropriate fit. Examining the coefficients of the effects of the research variables on each other, it seemed that moral development had a direct standardized effect coefficient of 0.53 on intelligence. Also, the standardized effect coefficients of moral development on moral intelligence were 0.51, moral development on emotional intelligence were 0.11, moral intelligence on intelligence were 0.32, and emotional intelligence on intelligence were 0.21. Conclusion: Based on the findings of this study, attention to effective moral variables and appropriate moral education on the one hand, and the promotion of emotional intelligence and attention to social and individual well-being resulting from the proper functioning of this intelligence in individuals on the other hand, are essential for the development of various areas of human wisdom.

In light of critical discourse analysis, the current study examines ideological representations of women in Nazzar Al-Qabbani's Arabic poetry.  Its aim is to expose and analyze the forms in which his poetry discriminates against women and represents them ideologically. The main hypothesis holds that Al-Qabbani, who dedicated his poetry to the defense of women's rights, often tends to portray women—especially Arabic women—in a derogatory light. To examine and explicate implicit ideologies, and to provide psychological and analytical justification for their interpretation, an eclectic model is developed that incorporates both VanDijk's (2006) model of the ideological square and Glick and Fiske’s (1996) the Ambivalent Sexism Inventory. Another hypothesis is that it is the benevolent perception of women not the hostile (being the two divisions of the Ambivalent Sexism Inventory) which can justify Al-Qabbani’s discriminatory stance. Benevolent sexism explains discrimination against women by demonstrating how apparently favorable attitudes, such idealization, protection, and adoration, serve to limit women's social roles and legitimize their subordination.  As for the problem of this study, there is currently no critical study that is based on academic theory that studies Al-Qabbani’s ideological representations of women. It is concluded that Al-Qabbani discriminates against women in his poetry despite his claim that he is a feminist and this can be traced to the fact that the society he is raised in left its traces on him. Another important remark is that Al-Qabbani objectifies female’s body as an appeal to market his poetry. As for the problem of this study, there is currently no critical study that is based on academic theory that studies Al-Qabbani’s ideological representations of women. It is concluded that Al-Qabbani discriminates against women in his poetry despite his claim that he is a feminist and this can be traced to the fact that the society he is raised in left its traces on him. Another important remark is that Al-Qabbani objectifies female’s body as an appeal to market his poetry.

Independence and impartiality are essential indicators for qualified arbitrators. However, the criteria for assessing these indicators differ among competent authorities when addressing challenges to arbitrators. One contentious aspect is the nationality of the arbitrators. By examining arbitration rules and issued decisions, a distinction was made between commercial arbitration and investment arbitration. The ICSID rules of arbitration explicitly mention common nationality with the parties as a criterion for challenging an arbitrator. The ICSID practice has also influenced investment arbitration outside of ICSID, given the significant role of nationality throughout investment law. Conversely, in commercial arbitration, the role of nationality is less pronounced, to the extent that the international character of arbitration in various legal systems is determined by the differences in the parties' places of business rather than their nationalities. Consequently, the nationality of arbitrators in commercial arbitration cannot solely serve as a basis for challenging an arbitrator without other supporting factors.