درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Introduction: While considerable research has explored cyberbullying (CB) and its related factors, including moral disengagement (MD), moral identity (MI), and individual characteristics, the interplay of these elements remains underexplored, particularly among Iranian English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learners. Material and Methods: Through proposing a new moderated-mediation model, this study investigated the mediating role of MI in the relationship between MD and CB, and the moderating role of artificial intelligence self-efficacy (AISE) in these connections. Applying a stratified random sampling, data were collected from 600 Iranian EFL learners using four standard questionnaires. Results: The findings suggest that MI mediates the connection between MD and CB, while AISE moderates these relationships, highlighting the importance of fostering MI and responsible AI tool use in EFL contexts to mitigate CB. Conclusion: The present investigation enhanced students' awareness of CB and fostered a culture of responsible digital citizenship, ultimately contributing to safer online learning environments. The implications suggested interventions and educational strategies designed to cultivate a more ethical and digitally responsible learning environment, finally reducing the prevalence of CB among EFL learners.

Background: The rapid development of technology and computing has significantly impacted modern societies, leading to increased opportunities for wealth creation and, inversely, transactional offending. Cybercrimes are increasing and have become a major threat to nations, governments, businesses, and individuals, resulting in financial losses, reputational damage, and personal information data breaches. Aims: This study explores how the South African Police Service (SAPS) responds to and combats cybercrimes. Methodology: This research was conducted in Durban, KwaZulu-Natal. The study adopted the qualitative research approach and the phenomenological research design, according to which interpretive and constructivist qualitative research paradigms were deemed appropriate. Data was collected through in-depth interviews using semi-structured interviews, with a sample of 17 participants purposively drawn from the Directorate for Priority Crime Investigation (DPCI) and the Commercial Crimes Unit (CCI) of the South African Police Service (SAPS). The theoretical orientation that guided the study is the Structural Functionalism Theory. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis. Findings: The study revealed that South Africa has been experiencing an increase in cybercrimes. However, has introduced laws and security strategies, such as the Cybercrime and Cybersecurity Bill of 2017, to respond to cybercrimes. However, these are argued to be not adapting fast enough to the constantly changing technological environment. Conclusion: Although limited, there are Police forensic experts in the field who can respond to cybercrimes. The study emphasizes the need for collaboration among all stakeholders, including prosecutors, the judiciary, private security agencies, CSPs, and ISPs, to effectively tackle cybercrimes.

Background: Background: In Iran, following the introduction of modern technologies, various social groups have responded to them, among whom “Tolab” constitute one category. Due to their religious authority within Iranian society, seminarians exert both direct and indirect influence on people’s social lives. Aims: This study aims to explore how Hawzeh members engage with artificial intelligence (AI) as a manifestation of modern technology, by examining Hawzeh media such as journals and news agencies, and to explain its relationship with modernity and technological application approaches. Methodology: 122 texts from Hawzeh media over a two-year period were selected and analyzed using thematic analysis. Ultimately, three main categories were identified: “Understanding the Nature of Artificial Intelligence among Hawzeh Members”, “The Relationship between Power and Artificial Intelligence among Hawzeh Members”, and “The Operational Attention of the Hawzeh to Artificial Intelligence”. Findings: Hawzeh media perceive AI as having a variable nature, which can be utilized depending on the intention, design, and use by its users. Conclusion: The experience of the People of the Hawzeh with AI demonstrates that the systematic form of religion can also be integrated with technology as a product of modern science, because it is not entirely anti-modern, nor is it modern and subjective in the sense of defining its existence solely as a specific mode of being.

Introduction: The rapid expansion of the Internet of Things (IoT) as one of the most transformative technologies of the digital age has led to the production and processing of vast volumes of personal and contextual data. While this transformation offers significant opportunities to improve quality of life, it also generates profound ethical challenges, particularly in the areas of privacy and data management. The invisible, automated, and pervasive nature of data collection within the IoT ecosystem calls into question traditional concepts of informed consent, individual control over data, and ethical accountability, and intensifies risks such as pervasive surveillance, data misuse, information insecurity, and the erosion of individual autonomy. Material and Methods: This article adopts a review–analytical approach to examine the scientific literature related to data ethics and privacy in the Internet of Things. Based on existing studies, it explores the foundational aspects of the topic and ultimately draws conclusions from the information reviewed. Conclusion: The study demonstrates that privacy in this context requires a contextual and relational redefinition. The findings indicate that ethical responsibility within the IoT data cycle is distributed in nature, and that multiple actors-from designers and companies to governments-play a fundamental role in upholding principles of data ethics. Ultimately, it can be argued that adherence to data ethics and privacy principles is a prerequisite for the formation of social trust and the sustainable acceptance of the Internet of Things. Without simultaneous attention to technical, ethical, and social dimensions, the development of this technology will face serious challenges.

Introduction: The primary aim of this article is to explicate the key role of universities in cultivating moral virtues and promoting a moral culture within society. Nixon believes that universities ought to become environments for nurturing human virtues such as social justice, civic responsibility, honesty, authenticity, and magnanimity. Material and Methods: This study adopts a qualitative approach to the educational analysis of moral virtues in higher education from John Nixon’s perspective. To elucidate moral virtues from Nixon’s viewpoint, the “conceptual analysis method” is employed. The textual corpus of the present study is Nixon’s book Towards a Virtuous University. In addition, sources related to the ethical conditions of higher education systems - such as scholarly articles and research reports - are examined. Data collection tools include library resources, academic documents, and Nixon’s works. Conclusion: The findings emphasize the importance of promoting these virtues within higher education and creating ethically oriented learning environments. This can lead to the cultivation of committed and responsible individuals capable of active participation in building a more ethical society. Overall, the study underscores the significance of fostering moral virtues in universities and academic environments, as well as the role of these institutions in enhancing the moral culture of society.

Introduction: The increasing proliferation of artificial intelligence systems and algorithmic decision-making in domains such as criminal justice, employment, resource allocation, and public policymaking has brought about wide-ranging ethical and social implications. Although these systems are often deployed with the aim of enhancing efficiency and neutrality, scientific research shows that algorithms can reproduce or intensify structural discrimination and historical inequalities. This review article adopts an interdisciplinary approach to survey the scholarly literature on the ethics of algorithmic decision-making and to analyze the role of algorithms in justice, discrimination, transparency, responsibility, and accountability. The article focuses on explicating ethical theoretical frameworks, examining social and political consequences, and identifying gaps and contradictions in prior research. Material and Methods: It is a narrative review article that focuses on the existing scholarly literature to analyze the ethical dimensions of algorithmic ethical decision-making. Previous studies were analyzed and then the subject was explained. Conclusion: The findings of this review indicate that addressing the ethical challenges of artificial intelligence requires moving beyond purely technical solutions and paying serious attention to social, institutional, and political contexts. Lack of transparency, diffusion of responsibility, and weak accountability mechanisms can lead to the legitimization of unjust algorithmic decisions. The article concludes that the development and deployment of fair artificial intelligence necessitate ethics-centered design, stakeholder participation, effective institutional oversight, and interdisciplinary, context-sensitive research, so that this technology can serve to reduce discrimination and promote social justice.

Introduction: In democratic systems, the moral characteristics of presidential candidates play a significant role in political legitimacy and public trust. Two fundamental ethical principles in this context are accountability and trustworthiness, which manifest through legal principles and statutory duties. Accountability refers to accepting the consequences of decisions and being answerable to the people and institutions, while trustworthiness implies safeguarding public interests and preventing the abuse of power. Therefore, the present study aims to examine the ethical components of accountability and trustworthiness among presidential election candidates within the legal frameworks of Iran and Iraq. Material and Methods: The present study is a review that examines responsibility and trustworthiness of presidential election candidates in the legal systems of Iran and Iraq. In order to achieve this goal, related articles and books were examined. Conclusion: From a legal standpoint, Article 115 of the Iranian Constitution stipulates that the president must be "a manager and prudent," which inherently requires accountability. Furthermore, Islamic ethical teachings place strong emphasis on rulers being responsible and answerable (such as the hadith: "Each of you is a shepherd, and each of you is responsible for his flock"), and in this regard, the Guardian Council oversees candidates' qualifications with attention to their sense of responsibility. In Iraq’s legal system, Article 68 of the Constitution requires the president to have a good reputation, competence, and loyalty to the country. Based on Islamic ethical teachings and tribal traditions in Iraq, accountability is also considered a value.

Background: Economic misinformation may result in people making poor financial choices. Multi-level marketing organizations often target women as potential salespeople. The majority of multi-level marketing organizations are predatory. Oftentimes, their online promotion effectively reaches people. Aims: In order to better identify the differences in color used in online advertisements for multi-level marketing organizations, I chose to explore whether health multi-level marketing organization advertisements had colors that corresponded with traditional gender norms or traditional health advertisements. Methodology: I obtained and analyzed exclusively online advertisements for multi-level marketing organizations. I found that there was indeed a difference in both color and brightness between organizations that targeted men and organizations that targeted women. Results: Health multi-level marketing organizations pose a unique danger. Specifically, they promote both economic and health misinformation. Not only do these organizations recruit people to sell products using spurious techniques, but in many cases, these products may be directly harmful to consumers’ health. As a result, more insight into detecting a health multi-level marketing advertisement is necessary. Conclusion: Color is a major element in advertisements. Specifically, distinct colors may be used in advertisements that target different genders. Understanding the differences in multi-level marketing advertisement colors is important: if consumers can identify which organizations are multi-level marketing companies, they will distrust the advertisements.

Background: Cyberspace is understood in this paper as a place for possible moral and immoral conducts, just as it is the case with physical societies across the world. However, the Nigerian cyberspace has, in recent times, experienced increase in moral decadence, with young people engaging in acts of vices, including disrespect, fraud, and phishing among other cybercrimes. This set of behaviours negates the values expected of a well-ordered and well-meaning cyberspace, all of which threaten physical societal cohesion and ethical standards. Aims: This paper examines Omolúàbí ethos, a traditional embodiment of moral principle of the Yoruba people, as a remedial framework. The Omolúàbí ethos places virtues such as good character, respectful conduct, gentleness, honesty, trust, humanness, among others, as a necessity for building a responsible society, even in the cyberspace. Methodology: Being philosophical research, the paper adopts qualitative method to unpack the relevance of ancient Yoruba proverbs and ethical practices to contemporary online engagement. Findings: The paper argues that if the Omolúàbí ethos is imbued into cyberspace culture, through the medium of philosophical counseling in collaboration with the National Orientation Agency, it could help ensure a more suitable online environment where respect, dignity, and virtue are paramount. Conclusion: This paper contributes to scholarship by positioning an indigenous ethical framework for addressing contemporary cyberspace’s ethical challenges.

Aurhor: Ehsan DehghanTitle: The Discursive-Digital Link: Antagonism and Polarisation in Digital Spaces Year of Published: August 2025352ppIn EnglishISBN: 9781032487274Publisher: New York: Routledge

Background: Since the advent of modern policing, technological innovations in communication and information management have significantly shaped investigative practices and crime detection strategies. Aims: The current research study explores the transformative role of Artificial Intelligence in modern crime detection and prevention across diverse domains including cybercrime, environmental crime, financial fraud, and urban surveillance. Methodology: Employing a qualitative meta-synthesis methodology, the research critically examines peer-reviewed literature published between the years 2015 and 2025 to identify emerging trends, technological innovations, and socio-legal implications associated with AI-driven policing. Findings: The key findings highlight the integration of machine learning, computer vision, and natural language processing techniques into the predictive and real-time law enforcement systems. These technologies have demonstrably enhanced the accuracy, efficiency, and responsiveness of crime prevention strategies. However, the current study also reveals significant challenges, including algorithmic bias, lack of transparency, and inadequate regulatory oversight, particularly in socially stratified or underregulated contexts. Conclusion: The current article underscores the necessity of embedding explainability, accountability, and human oversight into Artificial Intelligence systems to ensure the ethical and equitable implementation of AI-driven policing systems.