درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

The increase in sea traffic with commercial ships, warships, and submarines, followed by the spread of pollution of the seas in the last century, has not only led to the threat and destruction of vital resources and marine habitats but also a source of tension and conflict between units and actors. It has provided political and can be a threat to the world community. Despite Legal requirements, pollution in the seas is increasing. The sovereignty-oriented nature of marine pollution legal requirements is one of the most important reasons for governments' reluctance to implement regulations related to marine pollution because the development of rules in this field, as well as the implementation of regulations related to marine pollution, are still within the scope of governments' satisfaction. Considering the importance of protecting the marine environment, this research deals with the scope of the coastal government's competence to deal with marine pollution using a descriptive-analytical method and with the help of library data and international documents. The findings of the research show that although the instrumental use of the concept of national sovereignty has created the basis for the pollution of the seas, Recent developments in the field of international law of the sea, such as the drafting of Article 3 of the Convention on Interference in the High Seas and paragraph one of Article 218 of the Convention on the Law of the Sea, indicate the extraterritorial expansion of the jurisdiction of coastal states to deal with marine pollution, although in a limited way.

Integrating application systems based in organizations creates coordination and interaction between people and organizational units and hardware, software, and database infrastructures. This optimal solution integration results in achieving process maturity and creating suitable conditions for making strategic decisions at management levels to improve organizational performance. Therefore, this study aimed to develop a native executive method for integrating organizational application systems at the management level following the characteristics of Iranian government organizations and their execution in a marine organization platform as a case study. V method was used as a methodology in the execution algorithm for integrating organizational application systems. The effectiveness of the proposed method was proved through a case study and its execution in the real world in the framework of a government organization. The executive method explained for the integration of application systems in the field of defense management was implemented as a case study. This method became native to the marine industry and is suitable for use at the management levels of marine organizations. The advantages and achievements of using this executive method in a case study are 1) Improving the flow of data and information, 2) Increasing the ability to interpret data and information, 3) Reducing the costs of implementing, using, developing, and maintaining databases and organizational application systems, 4) Increasing flexibility and productivity of business processes, and 5) Integration and automation of processes is desirable.

With the increasing development of the shipbuilding industry in the global arena, the need for the presence of foreign companies in this field and especially investment in it was felt more than ever. The benefits of the presence of foreigners and the existence of sanctions against Iran gave special importance to how the contract was concluded. However, considering that the contract is considered an indefinite contract and its limits and limits are agreed upon between the parties according to the freedom of will (Article 10 of the Civil Code of Iran). In this research, we considered the conditions of the representative and the duties of its parties against the third party to be important and examined. The authors have tried to process the subject by using a descriptive-analytical research method and library data collection method. What was obtained from this research is the need to pay attention to the representative's behavior and the limits of authority granted to the representative by the principle. Considering all the aspects mentioned in this research, a relatively reliable contract can be concluded.