درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

International refugee law has its origins in the aftermath of World War II as well as the refugee crises of the interwar years that preceded it. In the context of the Syrian conflict, more than 3.6 million Syrian asylum seekers are under temporary protection in Türkiye. As this country is the number one host country for Syrian asylum seekers in the world. One of the current discussions about the fate of Syrian asylum seekers in Türkiye is their status after the end of temporary protection. In this context, the regulations on the end of temporary protection in Turkish legislation will be discussed in light of global standards on international protection. The aim of this study is to discuss Article 11 of the Turkish Temporary Protection Regulation in comparison with the UNHCR Guidelines on Temporary Protection or Residence Arrangements and International Humanitarian Law. In this context, the conditions for the termination of temporary protection, the legal and policy basis for a decision to return asylum seekers, the conditions for acquiring Turkish citizenship, and the compliance of Turkish legislation with global standards are discussed. This study will stand for a decision to terminate based on the voluntariness of asylum seekers in accordance with UNHCR guidelines.

This article discusses the favorable benefits of the Jask-Mashhad motorway on the regeneration of the country's eastern half while providing a new plan for its construction. This freeway, with an estimated length of 1200 kilometers, a budget of around $2 billion, and a construction time of 8 years, has the potential to significantly alter the livelihood, economics, and population of the country's eastern half. This freeway, which links the landlocked northern countries with the neighboring countries of Iran, the Indian subcontinent, and East Asia, can handle 15-20 million passengers and tourists per year, as well as 15–25 million vehicles (cars, trailers, tankers, and trucks). It is especially critical for Shanghai Cooperation members. Presently, around 2 million people reside along the course of this highway; if the freeway is completed, this number would increase to more than 4 million. Furthermore, in the 25-year view (until 1424), this freeway will play a significant role in the north-south corridor, regeneration of ports on the Oman Sea's border, and achievement of sea axis development and land development. Transportation infrastructure is a critical component of population concentration and land improvement. Freeways are one of the most significant transportation facilities, providing rapid, safe, and inexpensive road access to all sections of the country, particularly for goods transit and tourism growth. A glance at the country's freeway map reveals that there are no freeways in the eastern half of the country, and none are planned for the future by the Ministry of Roads. This issue has made land access to the eastern provinces and the beaches of the Oman Sea problematic, and as a result, significant sections of Iran are unoccupied and underused.

Deviation of the ship from the contractual or custom route during sea transportation affects not only the contract parties, but also the rights of third parties, and one of the most important parties is the bill of lading holder. The necessity of supporting the bill of lading holder rights and the legal solutions in Iranian and Britain legal systems are analyzed in this article. In Britain's legal system, the social welfare theory is one of the mechanisms designed for the various models to support the person's rights. Under the mentioned principle the bill of lading holder has the right to invoke the contents of the maritime transport contract, and under Iran's legal system, due to Article 12 in The Civil Liability Act 1960 along with the provisions contained in The Revised Sea Act 2011, joint and several liability for the third parties has been recognized. In this article, the effect of deviation on the bill of lading holder rights is analyzed with descriptive-analytical methods and library sources.

As a major maritime power strategically situated along critical waterways, analyzing the intersections between Iran's blue economy goals, evolving maritime policies and sophisticated global diplomatic engagements is pivotal. This study utilizes qualitative techniques and international relations theories to conduct an in-depth investigation into Iran's strategic calculus across these realms. The purpose is to unravel the complex balancing of pragmatic interests, constraints, and selective cooperation opportunities shaping Iran's maritime maneuvering. Extensive document analysis and illustrative case studies are systematically employed to comprehensively analyze Iran's sector-specific strategies, stances on maritime laws and regimes, key international collaborations. The findings reveal that while developmental aspirations in priority blue economy sectors dominate Iran's interests, it faces multifaceted constraints from sanctions, disputes and domestic limitations which require nuanced navigation. Opportunities to expand regional influence through strategic alignments exist but necessitate enhanced dispute resolution, diplomatic creativity and sustainable regional collaboration to fully materialize mutual gains. Overall, the study provides seminal insights into Iran's maritime positioning, highlighting the overarching importance of adaptability, vision, and cooperation despite geopolitical tensions in advancing shared governance of vital waterways and collective maritime interests.