درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Environmental crises affect children's rights to such an extent that they can be boldly referred to as children's rights crisis. There are a variety of environmental crises, including air, water and soil pollution, destruction of ecosystems and resources, toxic pollution, the spread of infectious diseases, ozone depletion, rising greenhouse gases and so on which adversely affect various aspects of children's basic rights including right to life, right to health, right to education, right to welfare and adequate living standards, right to healthy nutrition and their cultural rights. The present paper seeks to explore the rights of children in environmental crises from the perspective of international human rights law (IHRL). Finally, the findings of this article indicates that, states and large corporations, which have the largest share in creating environmental crises, also have the greatest responsibility. Now, when environmental damage directly and/or indirectly violates the rights of children and governments are directly or/and indirectly involved in creating them, it makes sense to consider them committed to resolving environmental crises and guaranteeing children's rights. To this end, states should take effective action, including reducing greenhouse gas emissions, preventing ecosystem degradation, preventing pollution and global warming, respecting the right of children to be heard, guaranteeing the right to freedom of expression and association, and involving them in environmental decisions.

Throughout history, mankind has always been involved in numerous crises, including war and bloodshed and its consequences and adverse effects. Establishing peace and resolving conflicts has always been the concern of thinkers, and based on this, two main views in this regard have proposed different opinions and viewpoints on the axis of "authenticity of peace" or "just war". In the meantime, sea banditry or piracy, which has a very old history and is as old as the history of human domination of the sea, has become a serious threat in recent years due to reasons such as the change in the behavior pattern of pirates, which often takes hostages and blackmail. It is considered for international trade. This crime, which is one of the first international crimes with universal jurisdiction, has always been the subject of debate among thinkers of different legal systems. One of the important topics in this field is how to make peace or conduct a just war with this phenomenon. The Islamic legal system and international law have presented mostly similar and sometimes different views in this context, so it is necessary to apply and research the jurisprudential teachings related to the principles and regulations of international law. Therefore, in this treatise, the subject of "comparative analysis of countering "sea piracy" from the perspective of just war in Islamic jurisprudence and international law has been discussed. In this research, which was carried out using descriptive and analytical methods and using library sources and texts, these results were obtained that today the issue of war as an important issue and challenge in the international arena has limitations and only when its position as a Acceptable discourse is accepted as a just war. Therefore, according to the principles of international law and the actions taken by sea pirates, in many cases it has many similarities with the title of war in Islamic jurisprudence, and their behavior and actions, which often lead to the deprivation of the security of the seas, can be compared to He knew it as war. However, observing the principles of just war in both the Islamic legal system and international law is necessary and necessary.

Although the era when children were primarily considered as a source of labor for the familyhas largely passed, the procreation of children remains indispensable for societal continuity.Views on children have shifted from characterizing them as the “private property of the family”to recognizing them as a “public good.” While children may not satisfy all the criteria of a purepublic good, it is widely acknowledged that society bears a significant role in the upbringing,education, and, ultimately, the costs associated with children. Nonetheless, although theconception of a child as a personal property of the family has changed, extensive governmentalintrusion into family privacy is similarly not accepted. This article employs a descriptive-analytical approach to examine arguments for and against this perspective, drawing on theoriesof public and socialized goods, with a focus on Iranian legislation. Children, due to their potentialbenefits, such as their future roles as workforce and taxpayers, exhibit characteristics of a publicgood; however, philosophical, legal, economic, and cultural challenges limit this interpretation.Iranian laws, particularly the Family and Youthful Population Support Act (2021) and Article3 of the Child and Adolescent Protection Act (2020), recognize government responsibility andmark a step toward conceptualizing children as public goods. This article posits thatwhetherchildren are characterized as public goods or as socialized goods, an obligation is thereby createdfor non-parents and, consequently, for the state as the representative of the nation, to share in thecosts associated with them.