درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Social capital is one of the most important subjects in development economics. It has a crucial role in development process in developing countries. To the best of our knowledge, there is no study about the importance of government size in social capital. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is considering the relationship between government size and social capital in 109 developing countries during the period of 2008-2014. To do so, we have used a panel data method based on the model of Knack and Keefer (1997). Estimated Results of a fixed effect panel model indicate that there is a non-linear relationship between government size and social capital. When the government size is small (the government size is less than 26.17%), increasing government size has a significant positive impact on social capital. However, when the government size is large (the government size is larger than 26.17%), government size has a significant negative impact on social capital. Before this threshold level of government size, due to preparing safe environment as well as social and economic institutions, ensuring property rights, providing public services as well as social security, building schools and universities, etc., expanding government leads to promoting social capital. But after this threshold level, because of inefficient expenditure, corruption and crowding out private investments in social capital, expanding government has a negative impact on social capital.  

This paper examines the non-linear relationship between CO2 emissions and economic development using an innovative dynamic panel threshold technique. The sample consists of 35 developed countries over the period 2003-2010. The empirical results indicate that there is a threshold effect in the relationship between economic growth and pollutant emissions as suggested by the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC). In particular, at the early stage of economic development below the estimated threshold value, more growth deteriorates the environmental problems. However, after this threshold value further growth serves as a solution to the environmental problems. Accordingly, promoting economic growth and becoming rich in the long run, is necessary to solve the environmental problems arising from greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. In the short run and in the early stage of economic growth, focus on investments in environmentally friendly technology and on the use of renewable energy is necessary for mitigating the pollution effects of economic progress.

A bank as a business units needs to have liquid assets which can be easily converted into cash at short notice. Thus the concept of liquidity risk management is important for any commercial banks. The impact of liquidity position in management of banks have remained significant, though very elusive in the process of investment analysis vis-à-vis bank portfolio management. In addition, liquidity risk management affects banking performance. In this paper, according to existing theoretical and empirical literature, the suitable system for measuring liquidity risk management is defined. Then, the effect of liquidity risk management on the profitability and survival of banks has been investigated. For this purpose, a model is estimated using panel data method and the financial statements of banks for the period 2005-2017. The results of the study show that there is a significant relationship between risk management and profitability and bank survivability. As poor liquidity risk management reduces the profitability and survival of banks.

Increased government revenues and improved economic efficiency are the main goals of implementing privatization and regime switch in Iran. Information efficiency in the capital market can also be considered as a milestone for increased government revenues and improved economic efficiency. In this study, according to the results of regime switching GARCH models, it is determined that stock returns have had different regimes during the study period (2000-2015). According to the results of the estimation of the three-regime GARCH model, the most important events of the Article 44 of the Constitution in the direction of privatization in Iran's economy and its implementation during the study period have been effective in switching the regimes of the fluctuating process of efficiency. Market risk has also been identified as a factor affecting regime switching in the stock return process, which is due to the behavior of stockholders in low-fluctuation regimes compared to high-fluctuation regimes and liquidity. Also, according to the Kalman filter model, poor performance has been established in Tehran Stock Exchange, which indicates that privatization policy has been effective in improving the efficiency of this marketplace. Using the technique related to the detection of structural failure in the liquidity variable as one of the signs of the stock market depth, the failure of this series was detected by virtue of the implementation of privatization, and it was discovered that privatization increased market liquidity as one of the principles of market development.