درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Iran is considered one of the ancient and civilized countries of the world, with a culture and civilization that has persisted for thousands of years without collapse. Written storytelling is one of the defining features of ancient civilizations, with its origins in Iran dating back approximately three thousand years. This article examines storytelling models in classical Persian literature. The common narrative methods in classical Persian literature can be categorized into five models: the repetitive model, the pearl beads on a plate model, the string of pearls (pearl necklace) model, the cluster of grapes model, and the grand narratives containing smaller stories model. It should be noted that the diversity of these methods is closely linked to the customs, traditions, and tastes of ancient Iranian society. Traces of these storytelling techniques can be observed in classical Persian literature until the twentieth century. However, after this period, influenced by contemporary European literature, these models gradually faded and disappeared from contemporary Persian literature.

This paper establishes Twitter literature as a born-digital literary genre shaped by the dialectical nature of cyberspace and its constraints and affordances, including enforced brevity, threading modularity, and algorithmic virality. It addresses the gap in studies on electronic literature and digital humanities, traditionally pivoted on studies of hypertext fiction, while pushing the literary potentials of microblogging to the margin. Synthesizing Hayles’s media-specific analysis, Levine’s genre theory, and other ideas on the dynamics of cyberspace, it argues that the constraints of Twitter do not overshadow creative forms of cultural critique, but, on the contrary, they create a space of tension between democratization and hierarchy. This paper contends that the constraints potentially democratize the production of literature through a highly social space of engagement and participation, yet the algorithmic systems usually preserve the hierarchies and attenuate the democratic potential. Through a genealogical analysis, the literary possibilities behind Twitter literature and its evolution are traced to pre-digital fragments, digital precursors, and key movements on Twitter. Analyses of two examples, including Jennifer Egan's Black Box and Teju Cole’s Small Fates, demonstrate how constraints foster aphoristic density, nonlinear narratives, and participatory meaning-making within the contested space. The paper promotes digital humanities by redefining twenty-first-century literariness and placing cyberspace as a potential zone for genre formation.

This article focuses on Iranian war narratives and the technique of ‘writing back to history’ in Hasanzadeh's This Weblog will be Transferred .(2015) Deploying the neo-left technique of revision and Flanagan’s notion of ‘technorealism’, the writer has tried to discuss how young adult literature can reevaluate the dominant representation of the recorded history. It is argued that the production of a counter-narrative and the illustration of history from a marginalized silenced perspective of the young adult reader have enabled Hasanzadeh to reveal hidden narratives and to re-assess the dominant discourse. As one of few young adult narratives that address the subject of the Iran-Iraq War and the depth of national agony, Hasanzadeh's work distinguishes itself through its use of cyberspace in the representation of war. His work, by incarnating an online platform such as weblogs, inspires a sense of collectivity that most war narratives strive for. This sense is inspired through many intertexts woven into the fabric of the narrative. Along completing and expanding the scope of the main narrative, these intertexts incorporate an intimate tone and elicit empathy and identification from the young adult reader. Furthermore, they create a kind of multi-perspectivism that not only challenges the monolithic narrative of the war in Iran but also corrects and shapes the public's perception of the impacts of war on a nation. The result is an alternative vision of the past that fights the misuse of national memory and the creation of a better sense of the inherited world for young adult reader.