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Alors que les espoirs déçus de la Révolution française de 1789 et les nombreux bouleversements socio-politiques consécutifs ont créé dans la 1ère moitié du XIXème siècle, un inapaisable mal du siècle qui « implique un manque de volonté, une mélancolie introspective, un culte du moi, une complaisance dans la souffrance et un repli sur soi » Jennings C. (1970 : p.559) ; Marceline Desbordes-Valmore, poète dont aucune notice biographique ne certifie une grande connaissance livresque, entreprenait à travers Les Pleurs, une aventure poétique intimiste et doloriste. Voix féminine, unique femme parmi les poètes maudits dans un siècle de pessimisme radical, elle s’adonne à une poésie aux allures lacrymales qui s’origine dans une vie de famille ruinée par de nombreux décès de proches, un désenchantement amoureux, et surtout sa condition de femme dans un environnement dominé par la langue et la pensée masculines. La poétisation de son mal d’être et de son âme tourmentée, engendre une esthétique aussi instable : tensions énonciatives sur le statut du je lyrique, hybridation générique avec la théâtralisation du langage poétique, hésitation dans une écriture androgynique pour trouver l’équilibre ; et enfin des soupçons de négligences stylistiques et prosodiques. Ce qui pourrait s’apparenter à un « mal écrire » valmorien, devient plutôt un « mal d’écrire » fécond, qui donne une expressivité à la douleur et plie sa poésie aux exigence d’un référent déstabilisant.

Les expressions figées ont commencé à captiver les linguistes à partir de la seconde moitié du XXème siècle lorsque ce domaine d'étude a été créé par Bally. Cette nouvelle science phraséologique a alors nécessité l’unanimité des chercheurs dans la définition de son cadre, sa nomenclature et la portée de ses études. Nous empruntons le nom de "séquences figées" pour rassembler ces suites de lexies dont la compréhension doit être globale et non compositionnelle. Dans cet article, nous tentons de définir les séquences figées et de les caractériser; voir ce qui fait la fixité d'une expression et comprendre comment une séquence figée peut à son tour devenir défigée. Puis, nous verrons que pour des raisons non seulement linguistiques mais aussi culturelles, leur traduction suscite de nombreuses difficultés: faut-il décider de les traduire mot à mot? Des exemples tirés du chinois, du malgache et de l’arabe illustreront quelques méthodes privilégiées dans l’épineuse tâche du traducteur.

The present study intends to investigate the contours of gender performativity in Azar Nafisi’s Reading Lolita in Tehran (2003), which depicts Nafisi’s life experiences in Iran in the 1970s and the 1980s. Drawing upon Judith Butler’s conceptualization of gender performativity, this research probes into the notion of gender roles and gendered subjectivity during the period Nafisi’s narrative covers. The central questions of this research are: 1. How do the contemporary codes of normativity define gender performativity in Nafisi’s Reading Lolita in Tehran? 2. How do the major characters of Nafisi’s memoir react to their gender roles, and to what effect? To answer the stated questions, this study adopts Judith Butler’s theory of gender performativity, which pivots around her view of gender as a social construct. The study reveals that the regulative social structure defines certain gender-oriented roles for both sexes and monitors their implementation. It also shows that the contemporary political system, with its regulative and punitive laws and homogenizing strategies, normalizes and bolsters male domination, and propagates stereotypical gender roles. The characters’ resistance, however, usually ends in the consolidation and absorption of a new set of gender clichés, which is mostly Westernized; put differently, the rejection of certain gender-based performances generally leads to the performance of another set of gender roles.  

The application of Mythology and immortal characters in literature by the authors, poets, and playwrights of Western Classical Literature is quite evident; Characters which are immortalized in the minds and memories, many people worship them for their domination and gallantry, extraordinary creatures who never die, get sick, get injured or grow old; including these eternal characterizations are found in; ‘‘Pandora’’ in ‘‘Hesiod’s Pandora’s box’’, ‘‘Hercules’’ in ‘‘Ovid’s Metamorphoses’’, ‘‘Laius’’ in ‘‘Sophocles’s Oedipus Rex’’, ‘‘Niobe’’ in ‘‘Sophocles’s Antigone’’, ‘‘Sappho’s poem(Leto and Niobe)’’, and ‘‘Aeschylus’s Niobe’’, and finally ‘‘Ulysses’’ in ‘‘Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey’’. In this study, researchers have tried to give, at first, an overview of Mythology and then of the Iliad as the first and the oldest surviving work reflecting Mythology in Western Literature. In other words, an outline of Mythology in the darkest episode of the "Trojan War" has been studied to show the connection between Mythology and Western Literature. This paper has been compiled using the ‘‘content analysis’’ of ‘’Iliad’’ translated by ‘’Richmond Lattimore’’ and through the ‘‘library search’’ with the resources mentioned at the end. The results show that there is a fundamental connection between the creation of myth in the doctrinal views and works of Western Literature. Researchers have tried to examine this connection in the Iliad as a sample of epic and mythological works of Western Literature that is the product of the application of the authors, poets, and playwrights from the realm of Mythology in recreating religious and non-religious convictions mingled with ancient quotations.

Admittedly, as opposed to simple writing treatments, massed or spaced instructions, more or less, seem to add variety and attractiveness to writing accomplishment. The current attempt concerned the efficacy of putting in service the two above-mentioned distribution instructions on EFL learners' writing performance. To conclude, 40 upper-intermediate learners (19 to 23 years) of both gender enjoyed 8 sessions in an institute in Ilam, Iran. They were randomly divided into two groups of massed and spaced each group consisting of 20. Instruments utilized were a Quick Oxford Placement Test, a writing pre-test, and a writing post-test. One group was disciplined paragraph writing with massed and spaced instruction with accuracy, complexity and fluency in focus. The researchers taught each session in an intensive 60 minutes' session to massed groups, whereas the similar session was taught to the spaced groups in three 20-minute short sessions at irregular time intervals. Subjects were retested after 8 weeks. Lastly, a posttest of writing was carried out for all groups. The results of the paired samples t-test and One-way ANCOVA denoted that the spaced distribution group significantly outperformed the massed distribution group on the posttest in their final post-test.

This study was explored to seek the effect of mobile-mediated dynamic assessment on Iranian EFL learners' writing skill. The participants were 60 EFL learners from one English language institute in Shiraz, Iran, learning English at the intermediate level. Their age ranged from 15 to 30. The participants were randomly assigned to three equal groups (i.e., one control group and two experimental groups). The instruments and materials used in this study were oxford quick placement test (OQPT), the DIALANG writing test, WhatsApp, Google Docs, and the interview. To measure the participants’ general English proficiency level before the experiment, the participants took the Oxford Quick Placement Test (OQPT). The quantitative data were analyzed using using Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Shapiro-Wilk tests of normal, descriptive statistics, paired-sampled T-tests, ANOVA, and Tukey post hoc tests. For the qualitative data analysis, the answers to the interview questions were coded and analyzed using a typology of mediation. The ANOVA test showed that there were significant differences among the groups which implies that mobile-based dynamic assessment can enhance the writing proficiency among the language learners. In other words, both T and V groups in intermediate level had a significant progress in their writing proficiency. In light of the qualitative data, nearly all of the participants supported DA due to its advantageous benefits. They felt that this approach saved them time and increased their confidence and enthusiasm for writing, which is a challenging ability.

The aim of this research paper is to study the notion of power and other related concepts devised by Foucault in the novel of The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald. Foucault's theory of power suggests that power is omnipresent, that is, power can be found in all social interactions. In fact, that power is interwoven in all social relations. Moreover, a discourse is made by the government in which identity of characters does not remain fixed and autonomous; truth, as a metaphysical concept, which is supposed to exist as a definite reality becomes a mere game by power relations. The most important aspect that can be seen in this novel is the role of discourse and power in society. Since the novel is set in Jazz age and it coincides with rise of new ideology called American dream, it could be concluded that the characters are influenced by the discourse in which they are living. In fact, the ideology of American dream controls their lifestyle – particularly, the main character – Jay – who has changed himself from a proletarian into a member of bourgeoisie society. Therefore, the identity of the characters is not a fixed concept since how they have gone through process of changing influenced by power relationship which can be seen within them. Moreover, the concept of truth is distorted and unstable in this novel.